Applied hydrogeology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• CHAPTER ONE
• Water 1 = 1
• 1.1 Water = 1
• 1.2 Hydrology and Hydrogeology = 3
• 1.3 The Hydrologic cycle = 4
• 1.4 Energy Transformations = 8
• 1.5 The Hydrologic Equation = 9
• Case : Mono Lake = 10
• 1.6 Hydrogeologists = 12
• 1.7 Applied Hydrogeology = 12
• 1.8 The Business of Hydrogeology (What Do Hydrogeologists Do All Day?) = 13
• 1.8.1 Application of Hydrogeology to Human Concerns = 13
• 1.8.2 Business Aspects of Hydrogeology = 16
• 1.8.3 Ethical Aspects of Hydrogeology = 17
• 1.9 Sources of Hydrogeologic Information = 19
• 1.10 working the Problems = 21
• CHAPTER TWO
• Evaporation and Precipitation = 27
• 2.1 Evaporation = 27
• 2.2 Transpiration = 31
• 2.3 Evapotranspiration = 32
• 2.4 Condensation = 36
• 2.5 Formation of Precipitation = 36
• 2.6 Measurement of Precipitation = 38
• 2.7 Snow Measurements = 39
• 2.8 Effective Depth of Precipitation = 40
• CHAPTER THREE
• Runoff and Streamflow = 47
• 3.1 Events During Precipitation = 47
• 3.2 Hydrograph Separation = 53
• 3.2.1 Baseflow Recessions = 53
• 3.2.2 Storm Hydrograph = 53
• 3.2.3 Gaining and Losing Streams = 58
• 3.3 Rainfall-Runoff Relationships = 61
• 3.4 Duration Curves = 62
• 3.5 Determining Ground-Water Recharge from Baseflow = 64
• 3.6 Measurement of Streamflow = 67
• 3.6.1 Stream Gaging = 67
• 3.6.2 Weirs = 69
• 3.7 Manning Equation = 70
• CHAPTER FOUR
• Properties of Aquifers = 77
• 4.1 Matter and Energy = 77
• 4.2 Porosity of Earth materials = 80
• 4.2.1 Definition of Porosity = 80
• 4.2.2 Porosity and Classification of Sediments = 82
• 4.2.3 Porosity of Sedimentary Rocks = 86
• 4.2.4 Porosity of Plutonic and Metamorphic Rocks = 88
• 4.2.5 Porosity of Volcanic Rocks = 89
• 4.3 Specific Yield = 90
• 4.4 Hydraulic conductivity of Earth Materials = 93
• 4.4.1 Darcy's Experiment = 94
• 4.4.2 Hydraulic conductivity = 95
• 4.4.3 Permeability of Sediments = 98
• Case Study : Hydraulic conductivity Estimates in Glacial Outwash = 101
• 4.4.4 Permeability of Rocks = 102
• 4.5 Permeameters = 103
• 4.6 Water Table = 107
• 4.7 Aquifers = 109
• 4.8 Water Table and Potentiometric Surface Maps = 114
• 4.9 Aquifer Characteristics = 115
• 4.10 Compressibility and Effective Stress = 119
• 4.11 Homogeneity and Isotropy = 120
• 4.12 Gradient of the Potentiometric Surface = 124
• CHAPTER FIVE
• Principles of Ground-Water Flow = 131
• 5.1 Introduction = 131
• 5.2 Mechanical Energy = 132
• 5.3 Hydraulic Head = 134
• 5.4 Head in Water of Variable Density = 137
• 5.5 Force Potential and Hydraulic Head = 141
• 5.6 Darcy'Law = 142
• 5.6.1 Darcy's Law in Terms of Force and Potential = 142
• 5.6.2 The Applicability of Darcy's Law = 143
• 5.6.3 Specific Discharge and Average Linear Velocity = 145
• 5.7 Equations of Ground-Water Flow = 146
• 5.7.1 Confined Aquifers = 146
• 5.7.2 Unconfined Aquifers = 150
• 5.8 Solution of Flow Equations = 151
• 5.9 Gradient of Hydraulic Head = 151
• 5.10 Relationship of Ground-Water Flow Direction to grad h = 153
• 5.11 Flow Lines and Flow Nets = 153
• 5.12 Refraction of Flow Nets = 159
• 5.13 Steady Flow in a Confined Aquifer = 161
• 5.14 Steady Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer = 163
• CHAPTER SIX
• Soil Moisture and Ground-Water Recharge = 175
• 6.1 Introduction = 175
• 6.2 Porosity and Water Content of Soil = 175
• 6.3 Capillarity and the Capillary Fringe = 180
• 6.4 Pore-Water Tension in the Vadose Zone = 183
• 6.5 soil Moisture = 183
• 6.6 Theory of Unsaturated Flow = 187
• 6.7 Water-Table Recharge = 191
• CHAPTER SEVEN
• Ground-Water Flow to Wells = 197
• 7.1 Introduction = 197
• 7.2 Basic Assumptions = 198
• 7.3 Computing Drawdown Caused by a Pumping Well = 198
• 7.3.1 Unsteady Radial Flow = 198
• 7.3.2 Flow in a Completely Confined Aquifer = 200
• 7.3.3 Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquifer = 203
• 7.3.4 Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer = 212
• 7.4 Determining Aquifer Parameters from Time-Drawdown Data = 214
• 7.4.1 Introduction = 214
• 7.4.2 Steady-State Conditions = 215
• 7.4.3 Nonequilibrium Flow Conditions = 219
• 7.4.4 Nonequilibrium Radial Flow in a Leaky Aquifer with Storage in the Aquitard = 236
• 7.4.5 Nonequilibrium Radial Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer = 237
• 7.4.6 Effect of Partial Penetration of Wells = 241
• 7.5 Slug Tests = 243
• 7.5.1 Determination of Aquifer Parameters with Slug Tests = 243
• 7.5.2 Cooper-Bredehoeft-Papadopulos Method for a Confined Aquifer = 244
• 7.5.3 Hvorslev Slug-Test Method = 247
• 7.5.4 Bouwer and Rice Slug-Test Method = 251
• 7.6 Estimating Aquifer Transmissivity from Specific Capacity Data = 256
• 7.7 Intersecting Pumping Cones and Well Interference = 257
• 7.8 Effect of Hydrogeologic Boundaries = 258
• 7.9 Aquifer-Test Design = 261
• 7.9.1 Single-Well Aquifer Tests = 261
• 7.9.2 Aquifer Tests with Observation Wells = 264
• CHAPTER EIGHT
• Regional Ground-Water Flow = 275
• 8.1 Introduction = 275
• 8.2 Steady Regional Ground-Water Flow in Unconfined Aquifers = 275
• 8.2.1 Recharge and Discharge Areas = 275
• 8.2.2 Ground-Water Flow Patterns in Homogeneous Aquifers = 276
• 8.2.3 Effect of Buried Lenses = 283
• 8.2.4 Nonhomogeneous and Anisotropic Aquifers = 284
• 8.3 Transient Flow in Regional Ground-Water Systems = 287
• 8.4 Noncyclical Ground Water = 288
• 8.5 Springs = 289
• 8.6 Geology of Regional Flow Systems = 291
• Case Study : Regional Flow Systems in the Great Basin = 291
• Case Study : Regional Flow Systems in the Coastal zone of the Southeastern United States = 293
• Case Study : Regional Flow Systems of the High Plains Aquifer = 303
• 8.7 Interactions of Ground Water and Lakes or Wetlands = 308
• CHAPTER NINE
• Geology of Ground-Water Occurrence = 319
• 9.1 Introduction = 319
• 9.2 Unconsolidated Aquifers = 320
• 9.2.1 Glaciated Terrain = 321
• Case Study : Hydrogeology of a Buried Valley Aquifer at Dayton, Ohio = 325
• 9.2.2 Alluvial Valleys = 328
• 9.2.3 Alluvium in Tectonic Valleys = 329
• Case Study : Tectonic Valleys - San Bernardine Area = 331
• 9.3 Lithified Sedimentary Rocks = 335
• Case Study : Sandstone Aquifer of Northeastern Illinois - Southeastern Wisconsin = 335
• 9.3.1 Complex Stratigraphy = 338
• 9.3.2 Folds and Faults = 340
• 9.3.3 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks = 343
• 9.3.4 Carbonate Rocks = 345
• 9.3.5 Coal and Lignite = 355
• 9.4 Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks = 356
• 9.4.1 Intrusive igneous and Metamorphic Rocks = 356
• 9.4.2 Volcanic Rocks = 358
• Case Study : Volcanic Plateaus - Columbia River Basalts = 358
• Case Study : Volcanic Domes - Hawaiian Islands = 359
• 9.5 Ground Water in Permafrost Regions = 361
• Case Study : Alluvial Aquifers - Fairbanks, Alaska = 363
• 9.6 Ground Water in Desert Areas = 364
• 9.7 Coastal Plain Aquifers = 364
• 9.8 Fresh-Water - Saline-Water Relations = 368
• 9.8.1 Coastal Aquifers = 368
• 9.8.2 Oceanic Islands = 373
• 9.9 Tidal Effects = 376
• 9.10 Ground-Water Regions of the United States = 377
• CHAPTER TEN
• Water Chemistry = 389
• 10.1 Introduction = 389
• 10.2 Units of Measurement = 390
• 10.3 Types of Chemical Reactions in Water = 391
• 10.4 Law of Mass Action = 392
• 10.5 common-Ion Effect = 394
• 10.6 Chemical Activities = 394
• 10.7 Ionization Constant of Water and Weak Acids = 398
• 10.8 Carbonate Equilibrium = 401
• 10.8.1 Carbonate Reactions = 401
• 10.8.2 Carbonate Equilibrium in Water with Fixed partial Pressure of C$$O_2$$ = 403
• 10.8.3 Carbonate Equilibrium with External pH Control = 406
• 10.9 Free Energy = 407
• 10.10 Oxidation Potential = 408
• 10.11 Ion Exchange = 412
• 10.12 Isotope Hydrology = 414
• 10.12.1 Stable Isotopes = 415
• 10.12.2 Radioactive Isotopes Used for Age Dating = 419
• 10.13 Major Ion Chemistry = 420
• 10.14 Presentation of Results of Chemical Analyses = 421
• 10.14.1 Piper Diagram = 421
• 10.14.2 Stiff Pattern = 424
• 10.14.3 Schoeller Semilogarithmic Diagram = 425
• Case Study : Chemical Geohydrology of the Floridan Aquifer System = 426
• CHAPTER ELEVEN
• Water Quality and Ground-Water Contamination = 433
• 11.1 Introduction = 433
• 11.2 Water-Quality Standards = 437
• 11.3 Collection of Water Samples = 441
• 11.4 Ground-Water Monitoring = 442
• 11.4.1 Planning a Ground-Water Monitoring Program = 442
• 11.4.2 Installing Ground-Water Monitoring Wells = 443
• 11.4.3 Withdrawing Water Samples from Monitoring Wells = 447
• 11.5 Vadose-Zone Monitoring = 450
• 11.6 Mass Transport of Solutes = 453
• 11.6.1 Introduction = 453
• 11.6.2 Diffusion = 453
• 11.6.3 Advection = 454
• 11.6.4 Mechanical Dispersion = 455
• 11.6.5 Hydrodynamic Dispersion = 455
• 11.6.6 Retardation = 461
• 11.6.7 Degradation of Organic Compounds = 471
• 11.7 Ground-Water Contamination = 472
• 11.7.1 Introduction = 472
• 11.7.2 Septic Tanks and Cesspools = 473
• 11.7.3 Landfills = 475
• 11.7.4 Chemical Spills and Leaking Underground Tanks = 481
• 11.7.5 Mining = 484
• Case Study : Contamination from Uranium Tailings Ponds = 486
• 11.7.6 Other Sources of Ground-Water Contamination = 487
• 11.8 Ground-Water Restoration = 487
• 11.8.1 Introduction = 487
• 11.8.2 Source-Control Measures = 487
• 11.8.3 Plume Treatment = 490
• 11.9 Case History : Ground-Water Contamination at a Superfund Site = 493
• 11.9.1 Background = 493
• 11.9.2 Geology = 495
• 11.9.3 Hydrogeology = 495
• 11.9.4 Ground-Water Contamination = 497
• 11.9.5 Site Remediation = 499
• 11.10 Capture Zone Analysis = 501
• CHAPTER TWELVE
• Ground-Water Development and Management = 511
• 12.1 Introduction = 511
• 12.2 Dynamic Equilibrium in Natural Aquifers = 512
• Case Study : Deep Sandstone Aquifer of Northeastern Illinois = 513
• 12.3 Ground-Water Budgets = 514
• 12.4 Management Potential of Aquifers = 516
• 12.5 Paradox of Safe Yield = 518
• 12.6 Water Law = 519
• 12.6.1 Legal Concepts = 519
• 12.6.2 Laws Regulating Quantity of Surface Water = 520
• 12.6.3 Laws Regulating Quantity of Ground Water = 523
• Case Study : Arizona's Ground-Water Code = 526
• 12.6.4 Laws Regulating the Quality of Water = 527
• Case Study : Wisconsin's Ground-Water Protection Law = 530
• 12.7 Artificial Recharge = 531
• 12.8 Protection of Water Quality in Aquifers = 533
• 12.9 Ground-Water Mining and cyclic Storage = 536
• 12.10 Conjunctive Use of Ground and Surface Water = 538
• 12.11 Trends in Water Resources Management = 540
• CHAPTER THIRTEEN
• Field Methods = 543
• 13.1 Introduction = 543
• 13.2 Fracture-Trace Analysis = 543
• 13.3 Surficial Methods of Geophysical Investigations = 549
• 13.3.1 Direct-Current Electrical Resistivity = 549
• 13.3.2 Electromagnetic Conductivity = 555
• 13.3.3 Seismic Methods = 559
• 13.3.4 Ground-Penetrating Radar and Magnetometer Surveys = 566
• 13.3.5 Gravity and Aeromagnetic Methods = 568
• 13.4 Geophysical Well Logging = 571
• 13.4.1 Caliper Logs = 573
• 13.4.2 Temperature Logs = 574
• 13.4.3 Single-Point Resistance = 574
• 13.4.4 Resistivity = 576
• 13.4.5 Spontaneous Potential = 576
• 13.4.6 Nuclear Logging = 576
• 13.5 Hydrogeologic site Evaluations = 582
• 13.6 Responsibilities of the field Hydrogeologist = 584
• 13.7 Project Reports = 588
• CHAPTER FOURTEEN
• Ground-Water Models = 593
• 14.1 Introduction = 593
• 14.2 Applications of Ground-Water Models = 596
• 14.3 Data Requirements for Models = 597
• 14.4 Finite-Difference Models = 598
• 14.4.1 Finite-Difference Grids = 598
• 14.4.2 Finite-Difference Notation = 600
• 14.4.3 Boundary conditions = 600
• 14.4.4 Methods of Solution for Steady-State Case for Square Grid Spacing = 602
• 14.4.5 Methods of Solution for the Transient Case = 604
• 14.5 Finite-Element Models = 605
• 14.6 Method of Characteristics = 606
• 14.7 Use of Published Models = 606
• Case Study : Ground-Water Modeling for a Planned Underground Mine = 610
• Appendices = 617
• 1 Values of the function W(u) for various values of u = 618
• 2 Values of the function $$F(n,\mu )$$ for various values of n and $$\mu $$ = 619
• 3 Values of the functions W(u, r／B) and W($$u_A$$, r／B) for various values of u or $$u_A$$ = 620
• 4 Values of the function H($$\mu $$, $$\beta $$) = 621
• 5 Values of the function $$K_0(x)$$ and exp $$(x)K_0(x)$$ = 622
• 6 Values of the function W($$u_A$$, $$\Gamma $$) and W($$u_B$$, $$\Gamma $$) for water-table aquifers = 623
• 7 Table for length conversion = 625
• 8 Table for area conversion = 625
• 9 Table for volume conversion = 626
• 10 Table for time conversion = 626
• 11 Solubility Products for selected minerals and compounds = 627
• 12 Atomic weights and numbers of naturally occurring elements = 628
• 13 Table of values of erf (x) and erfc(x) = 630
• 14 Absolute density and absolute viscosity of water = 631
• 15 Loading and running computer programs = 632
• Glossary = 635
• Answers to Selected Problems = 651
• References = 655
• Index = 681