Replicating the hierarchical and dynamic nature of the native cardiac microenvironment within a three-dimensional engineered construct remains a major frontier in stem cell–driven cardiac research. Although induced pluripotent stem cell–derived ca...
Replicating the hierarchical and dynamic nature of the native cardiac microenvironment within a three-dimensional engineered construct remains a major frontier in stem cell–driven cardiac research. Although induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) offer an inexhaustible, patient-specific, and clinically adaptable cell source, their application is fundamentally constrained by persistent immaturity. iPSC-CMs typically exhibit fetal-like sarcomeric organization, inefficient calcium handling, underdeveloped electrophysiological coordination, and incomplete metabolic maturation, all of which hinder their ability to recapitulate adult myocardial function. Conventional two-dimensional culture systems and macroscale biomaterial platforms fail to provide the spatial confinement, coordinated cell–cell interactions, and finely tuned microenvironmental cues required to support synchronized, tissue-level cardiac behaviors. These limitations significantly reduce the physiological relevance, reproducibility, and translational utility of current in vitro cardiac models. To overcome these challenges, this thesis introduces a unified nanoengineered strategy that integrates gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) with conventional U-well and inclined microwell (IM) platforms to promote the structural and functional maturation of iPSC-CM spheroids. The inclined microwell architecture provides enhanced geometric confinement that facilitates uniform cell aggregation, improved spheroid compaction, and long-term structural stability. Simultaneously, GNPs serve as ECM-mimetic nanoscale biochemical modulators, delivering localized bioactive cues that enhance cell–cell connectivity, cytoskeletal organization, and microenvironmental remodeling within the three-dimensional spheroid. The integrated platform enables precise control over spheroid formation and allows systematic evaluation of GNP concentration dependent effects on spheroid geometry, viability, ultrastructural organization, molecular maturation, and electrophysiological performance. Compared with conventional U-well systems, IM platforms consistently yielded spheroids with superior size uniformity, higher compaction efficiency, and improved reproducibility. Incorporation of optimized concentrations of GNPs further amplified these effects, leading to enhanced sarcomeric alignment, increased expression of cardiac maturation markers, improved gap-junction continuity, elevated metabolic activity, and more stable and regular electrical activity. Collectively, these results demonstrate a synergistic interaction between nanoscale microenvironmental confinement and nanoparticle-mediated biochemical modulation. Overall, this work establishes a scalable and reproducible nanoengineered platform for generating high-fidelity human cardiac spheroids with advanced structural and functional maturation. By bridging microarchitectural control with nanoscale biochemical regulation, the proposed system provides a robust foundation for physiologically relevant cardiac tissue models and holds strong potential for applications in cardiac regeneration, drug toxicity screening, and disease modeling.
Keywords: Nanoengineering, gelatin nanoparticles, induced pluripotent stem cell, cardiomyocyte maturation, cardiac spheroids