집단에서 신입 성원의 변화 시도: 신입 성원의 상호작용 지향성 및 집단구성 변화 특성의 효과 = When Do Newcomers Introduce Changes in Groups?: Effects of Newcomers' Interaction Orientation and the Nature of Membership Change

국문 초록 (Abstract)

집단에서 신입 성원의 상호작용 지향성과 집단구성 변화의 특성에 따라서 신입 성원이 집단에서 새로운 과제수행 전략을 제안하는 행동이 달리 나타나리라고 가정하고 이를 실험 연구를 통해서 검증했다. 신입 성원의 상호작용 지향성은 새로 가입한 집단에서 협동과 조화를 추구하도록 유도함으로써 협동을 점화하거나, 경쟁과 차별화를 추구하도록 유도함으로써 경쟁을 점화하여 조작했다. 집단구성 변화 특성은 특정 구성원이 영구적으로 집단 소속을 바꾸어 새로운 집단에 가입하거나 또는 일시적으로 다른 집단에 소속되도록 집단의 인적 구성에 변화를 유발하여 조작했다. 실험 결과, 가설과 일관되게 영구적 집단구성 변화 조건에서는 신입 성원의 과제수행 전략 제안에 있어서 신입 성원의 상호작용 지향성에 따른 차이가 없었다. 반면에, 집단구성 변화가 일시적으로 발생했을 때는 경쟁이 점화된 신입 성원들이 협동이 점화된 신입 성원들보다 새로운 과제수행 전략을 제안하는 빈도가 높았다. 본 연구의 시사점과 제한점, 및 장래 연구 방향을 논의했다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The present study investigated a joint impact of a newcomer's interaction orientation and the nature of membership change upon the likelihood that the newcomer introduces changes in group task strategy. Participants were randomly assembled into 3-person teams and performed a construction task as a team. Newcomers' interaction orientation was manipulated by priming either cooperation or competition prior to joining a new team. The nature of membership change was varied by introducing either a temporary or a permanent change in team composition. It was predicted that, regardless of their interaction orientation, newcomers would be less likely to propose a new task strategy in the permanent change condition due to a high need for assimilation to the group. In contrast, it was predicted that when membership change is temporary, newcomers would be more likely to propose a new task strategy when competition is primed than when cooperation is primed. The study found supportive evidence for the hypothesized interaction effect. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future studies are discussed.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Hackman, J. R., "Why teams don't work. in: Theory and research on small groups" Plenum 245-267, 1998

2 Feldman, D. C., "Who’s socializing whom? The impact of socializing newcomers on insiders, work groups, and organizations" 4 : 213-233, 1994

3 Gruenfeld, D. H., "What newcomers see and what oldtimers say: Discontinuities in knowledge exchange. in: Shared cognition in organizations: The management of knowledge" Erlbaum 245-266, 1999

4 Cohen, S. G., "What makes teams work: Group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite" 2 : 239-290, 1997

5 Gruenfeld, D. H., "What do groups learn from their worldliest members; Direct and indirect influence in dynamic teams" 82 : 45-49, 2000

6 Arrow, H., "Traces, trajectories, and timing: The temporal perspective on groups. in: Theories of small groups: Interdisciplinary perspectives" Sage 313-368, 2005

7 Poole, M. S., "Theories of small groups: Interdisciplinary perspectives" Sage 2005

8 McGrath, J. E., "The study of groups: Past, present, and future" 4 : 95-105, 2000

9 Feij, J. A., "The development of career-enhancing strategies and content innovation: A longitudinal study of new workers" 46 : 231-256, 1995

10 Rink, F. A., "Temporary versus permanent group membership: How the future prospects of newcomers affect newcomer acceptance and newcomer influence" 35 : 764-775, 2009

11 Ilgen, D. R., "Teams embedded in organizations: Some implications" 54 : 129-139, 1999

12 Sundstrom, E., "Supporting work team effectiveness: Best management practices for fostering high performance" Jossey-Bass 1999

13 Moreland, R. L., "Socialization in small group: Temporal changes in individual-group relations. in: Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol. 15" Academic press 137-192, 1982

14 Beersma, B., "Social motives in integrative negotiation: The mediating influence of procedural fairness" 16 : 217-239, 2003

15 Levine, J. M., "Small groups. in: The handbook of social psychology. 4thed" McGraw-Hill 415-469, 1998

16 Ashford, S. J., "Proactivity during organizational entry: The role of desire for control" 81 : 199-214, 1996

17 Bauer, T. N., "Organizational socialization: A review and directions for future research. in: Research in personnel and human resources management . Vol. 16" JAI Press 149-214, 1998

18 Choi, H-S., "Old wine in a new bottle: Impact of membership change on group creativity" 98 : 121-132, 2005

19 Hansen, T., "Newcomers as change agents: Effects of newcomers' behavioral style and teams' performane optimism" 4 : 46-61, 2009

20 Moreland, R. L., "Newcomers and oldtimers in small groups. in: Advances in group processes . Vol. 9" JAL 237-280, 1989

21 Levine, J. M., "Newcomer innovation in work teams. in: Group creativity: Innovation through collaboration" Oxford University Press 2003

22 Messick, D. M., "Motivational basis of choice in experimental games" 4 : 1-25, 1968

23 Bechtoldt, M. N., "Motivated information processing, social tuning, and group creativity"

24 De Dreu, C. K. W., "Motivated information processing in group judgment and decision making" 12 : 22-49, 2008

25 Choi, H-S., "Minority influence in work teams: The impact of newcomers" 40 : 273-280, 2004

26 Levine, J. M., "Minority influence in small groups: The impact of newcomers. in: Minority influence and innovation: Antecedents, processes, and consequences" Psychology Press 229-262, 2010

27 Arrow, H., "Membership dynamics in groups at work: A theoretical framework. in: Research in organizatinal behavior. Vol. 17" JAI Press 373-411, 1995

28 Ten Velden, F. S., "Majority and minority influence in group negotiation: The moderating effects of social motivation and decision rules" 92 : 259-268, 2007

29 Kane, A. A., "Knowledge transfer between groups via personnel rotation: Effects of social identity and knowledge quality" 96 : 56-71, 2005

30 Levine, J. M., "Innovation and socialization in small groups. in: Perspectivies on minority influence" Cambridge University Press 1985

31 De Dreu, C. K. W., "Influence of social motives on integrative negotiation: A meta-analytic review and test of two theories" 78 : 889-905, 2000

32 Levine, J. M., "Impact of personnel turnover on team performance and cognition. in: Team Cognition: Understanding the factors that drive process and performance" American Psychology Association 2004

33 Choi, H-S., "Impact of membership change on group creativity" Paper presented at the Interdisciplinary Network for Group Research 2007

34 Levine, J. M., "Group socialization: Theory and research" European Reviewof social psychology 305-336, 1994

35 Kerr, N. L., "Group performance in collaborative and social dilemma tasks: Progress and prospects. in: Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Group Process" Blackwell 107-138, 2001

36 Guzzo, R. A., "Fundamental consideration about work groups. in: Handbook of work group psychology" Wiley 3-21, 1996

37 Johnson, D. W., "Cooperation and competition: Theory and research" Interaction 1989

38 Deutsch, M., "Cooperation and competition. in: The handbook of conflict resolution: Theory and practice" Jossyey-Bass 21-40, 2000

39 Levine, J. M., "Conflict in groups. in: Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles" Guilford 745-776, 1996

40 Hogg, M., "Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Group processes" Blackwell Publishers Inc. 2001

41 Ziller, R. C., "Assimilation of the knowledgeable newcomer under conditions of group success and failure" 60 : 288-291, 1960

42 Deutsch, M., "A theory of cooperation and competition" 2 : 129-152, 1949