Physics and music : essential connections and illuminating excursions

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Part I. Physics + Music = .....
• 1 Introduction = 3
• 1.1 Physics & Music - Quiz of the Year = 3
• 1.2 What Is the Hybrid Field of Physics & Music? = 3
• 1.2.1 Human Activities with Tones and Movements = 3
• 1.2.2 Arts or Natural Sciences? = 6
• 1.2.3 Sender and Receiver = 7
• 1.3 Early History of Musical Notations = 8
• 1.3.1 Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece = 8
• 1.3.2 Notation Systems in the Middle Ages = 10
• 1.4 Gallery of Historical Instruments = 13
• Appendix : Answers to the Physics & Music Quiz = 20
• References = 21
• Part II. Our Modern Tonal System
• 2 Notation and Tonal Systems = 25
• 2.1 What Is .....? = 25
• 2.1.1 Music = 25
• 2.1.2 Sound = 26
• 2.1.3 Tone = 26
• 2.1.4 Noise = 26
• 2.1.5 Spectral Characteristics of Sounds = 26
• 2.1.6 Standard Pitch = 28
• 2.2 What Is Physics, in Close Partnership to Music? = 29
• 2.3 Tonal System = 31
• 2.3.1 Lines and Notes = 31
• 2.3.2 Rest = 32
• 2.3.3 Clef = 33
• 2.3.4 Bars = 33
• 2.3.5 Pitch = 35
• 2.3.6 Change of Pitch-Accidentals = 37
• 2.3.7 Loudness = 39
• 2.3.8 Tempo = 40
• 2.3.9 Ornaments = 41
• 2.3.10 Note Relationships = 43
• 2.3.11 Articulation Marks = 43
• 2.3.12 Other Expressions = 44
• 2.3.13 An Example-Rondo of Haydn = 45
• References = 46
• 3 Intervals and Scales = 47
• 3.1 Intervals = 47
• 3.1.1 Basic Intervals = 47
• 3.1.2 Other Frequently Used Intervals and Chords = 48
• 3.1.3 Beats = 55
• 3.2 Scales = 57
• 3.2.1 About Scales = 57
• 3.2.2 Pentatonic Scale = 58
• 3.2.3 Whole-Tone Scale = 59
• 3.2.4 Heptatonics = 62
• 3.2.5 Chromatic Scales = 66
• 3.2.6 Microtones = 67
• References = 70
• 4 Tunings-From Pythagoras to Equal Temperament = 71
• 4.1 Pythagorean Tuning = 71
• 4.2 Some More Intonation Systems = 75
• 4.2.1 Just Intonation (or Pure Tuning) = 75
• 4.2.2 Meantone Temperament = 76
• 4.2.3 Well-Tempered Mood = 76
• 4.2.4 Equal Temperament = 77
• 4.2.5 The Cent = 78
• 4.3 Harmonic Series = 82
• 4.3.1 Properties = 82
• 4.3.2 Inharmonic Overtones = 84
• 4.3.3 About Tonality = 86
• 4.4 Timbre (Color of Sound) = 87
• References = 90
• 5 Comparison with Non-European Systems = 91
• 5.1 Introduction = 91
• 5.2 Music in Southern Neighborhoods of Europe = 94
• 5.2.1 Sinti and Roma Music = 94
• 5.2.2 Misheberach Scale = 97
• 5.2.3 Ragas in Indian Music = 98
• 5.2.4 Arabic Music = 100
• 5.3 Music in the Northern Neighborhoods of Europe = 102
• 5.3.1 The Sami = 102
• 5.3.2 Celtic Music = 104
• 5.4 Music in East Asia = 105
• 5.4.1 Chinese Music = 105
• 5.4.2 Japanese Pentatonics = 107
• 5.4.3 More About East Asian Music = 110
• 5.5 Music in Austronesia, Australia and New Guinea = 111
• 5.5.1 Austronesia = 111
• 5.5.2 Australia and New Guinea = 114
• 5.6 Music in Sub-Saharan Africa = 115
• 5.7 Music in the Americas = 117
• 5.7.1 History = 117
• 5.7.2 Blues = 119
• 5.7.3 Central America = 120
• 5.7.4 South America = 121
• References = 124
• Part III. Physics of Musical Instruments
• 6 Musical Instruments = 129
• 6.1 Systematical Classification of Musical Instruments = 129
• 6.1.1 The Idiophones = 130
• 6.1.2 The Membranophones = 131
• 6.1.3 The Chordophones = 132
• 6.1.4 The Aerophones = 133
• 6.2 Sound and Acoustic Waves = 136
• 6.2.1 Excursion on Sound and Acoustic Waves = 136
• 6.2.2 History = 137
• 6.2.3 The Physics of Sound = 138
• 6.2.4 Important Physical Quantities = 139
• 6.2.5 Acoustic Wave = 143
• 6.3 From Sound Waves to Sound Frequencies = 152
• 6.3.1 Overview of Fourier Series = 152
• 6.3.2 Transformation from Sound Waves to Sound Spectra = 158
• References = 162
• 7 Selected Instruments 1-Aerophones = 165
• 7.1 Classification of Aerophones = 165
• 7.2 The Flute = 165
• 7.2.1 Windway = 166
• 7.2.2 The Recorder = 167
• 7.2.3 The Transverse Flute = 171
• 7.2.4 Flutes from Various Areas = 176
• 7.3 Double-Reed Instruments = 178
• 7.3.1 The Oboe = 179
• 7.3.2 The English Horn (Cor Anglais) = 181
• 7.3.3 The Bassoon = 182
• 7.3.4 Other Double-Reed Instruments = 184
• 7.4 Single-Reed Instruments = 185
• 7.4.1 The Clarinet = 186
• 7.4.2 The Saxophone = 189
• 7.4.3 Other Single-Reed Instruments = 190
• 7.5 Brass Instruments = 191
• 7.5.1 Physics of Sound Creation = 191
• 7.5.2 The Horn = 193
• 7.5.3 Trumpet, Trombone, and Tuba = 196
• 7.6 The Organ = 199
• 7.6.1 The Whistle = 200
• 7.6.2 The Organ Pipe = 201
• 7.6.3 Wind System = 202
• References = 204
• 8 Selected Instruments 2-Chordophones, Membranophones, Idiophones and Human Voice = 205
• 8.1 String Instruments = 205
• 8.1.1 The Monochord = 205
• 8.1.2 The Vibrating String = 205
• 8.1.3 Playing Techniques = 208
• 8.1.4 Bowed String Instruments = 210
• 8.1.5 The Modern Violin Family = 213
• 8.1.6 The Violin = 214
• 8.1.7 Sound and Acoustics of the Violin Family = 220
• 8.1.8 Sound of Viola, Cello and Double Bass = 222
• 8.2 Percussion Instruments = 224
• 8.2.1 Timpani and Drums = 224
• 8.2.2 Bells = 235
• 8.3 The Human Voice : Singing = 240
• 8.3.1 Tonal Range of Singers = 240
• 8.3.2 Speech Organs = 240
• 8.3.3 Formant = 242
• 8.3.4 Singers = 243
• References = 244
• Part IV. When Musicians Get Together, They…
• 9 Create Music = 249
• 9.1 Introduction = 249
• 9.2 Music Forms = 250
• 9.2.1 Levels of Musical Units = 250
• 9.2.2 More About a Piece = 252
• 9.2.3 More About a Cycle = 252
• 9.3 Methods = 260
• 9.3.1 Counterpoint = 260
• 9.3.2 Harmony = 265
• 9.4 Combination of Musical Instruments = 268
• References = 270
• 10 Play Together and Form an Orchestra = 271
• 10.1 Introduction = 271
• 10.2 Solo and Duo = 272
• 10.2.1 Piano = 272
• 10.2.2 String Solo Without Accompaniment = 274
• 10.2.3 Solo with Accompaniment = 274
• 10.2.4 Duo = 275
• 10.3 Chamber Music = 276
• 10.3.1 Baroque Trio Sonata = 277
• 10.3.2 String Instruments and Piano = 278
• 10.3.3 String Instruments Only = 279
• 10.3.4 Together with Wind Instruments = 282
• 10.4 Orchestra = 284
• 10.4.1 History = 284
• 10.4.2 Types of Orchestras = 286
• 10.4.3 Seating Arrangement = 290
• 10.4.4 People = 291
• 10.5 Acoustics of an Orchestra = 294
• 10.5.1 Directional Effects = 294
• 10.5.2 Acoustic Radiation of Instruments = 299
• References = 308
• Part V. Hearing
• 11 Physiology and Psychoacoustics = 313
• 11.1 Hearing-Physiological Aspects = 313
• 11.1.1 Structure of the Human Ear = 313
• 11.1.2 Function of the Human Ear = 316
• 11.1.3 Tonotopic Mapping = 319
• 11.2 Hearing Music-Psychoacoustical Aspects = 319
• 11.2.1 How Do We Hear Music? = 319
• 11.2.2 A Huge Black Box = 320
• 11.2.3 We Hear (or Do Not Hear) in Somewhat Different Ways... = 323
• 11.3 Absolute Pitch and Relative Pitch = 325
• 11.3.1 What Are Absolute Pitch and Relative Pitch? = 325
• 11.3.2 Solfège = 326
• 11.3.3 How Do Absolute Pitch and Relative Pitch Work? = 327
• 11.3.4 Piano Versus Violin, Bells Versus Monochord = 329
• 11.4 Auditory Illusion = 331
• 11.4.1 Binaural Beats = 331
• 11.4.2 Octave Illusion and Scale Illusion = 332
• 11.4.3 Pitch Circularity and Tritone Paradox = 334
• 11.4.4 Not Illusions, But... = 336
• References = 339
• 12 Room Acoustics = 341
• 12.1 Concert Halls = 343
• 12.2 Principles of Room Acoustics = 344
• 12.3 Wave Theory = 345
• 12.4 Statistical Room Acoustics = 348
• 12.4.1 Reverberation = 348
• 12.4.2 Absorption Coefficient α = 352
• 12.5 Geometrical Room Acoustics = 354
• References = 358
• Part VI. Music, Mind and Society
• 13 Music Analysis with Phase Portraits = 361
• 13.1 Introduction = 361
• 13.2 Trials with Phase Plots = 363
• 13.2.1 What Is a Phase Plot? = 363
• 13.2.2 Three-Dimensional Expression = 364
• 13.2.3 Applying Phase Plots to Musical Pieces = 365
• 13.3 Analysis-Some Examples = 366
• 13.3.1 Bach and Gounod = 366
• 13.3.2 Haydn : String Quartet “Emperor” = 369
• 13.3.3 Rossini : Guillaume Tell Overture = 374
• 13.4 Comparison of Various Scales = 376
• 13.4.1 Heptatonic Scales = 377
• 13.4.2 Pentatonic Scales = 378
• 13.4.3 Other Scales = 380
• 13.5 Concluding Remarks = 381
• References = 384
• 14 What Is Music Supposed to Do with Our Mind and For Our Society? = 385
• 14.1 Major and Minor = 385
• 14.1.1 Introduction = 385
• 14.1.2 The Major Triad and the Minor Triad = 388
• 14.1.3 Finished or Unfinished = 390
• 14.1.4 Comfort or Discomfort = 391
• 14.1.5 Happy, Sad or High = 392
• 14.1.6 Boléro = 392
• 14.1.7 Siegfried Idyll = 395
• 14.1.8 Swan Lake = 396
• 14.2 Music and Our Society = 398
• 14.2.1 Music and Moving = 399
• 14.2.2 Musical Expectation and Moving = 401
• 14.2.3 Two-Edged Blade = 403
• 14.2.4 Music-Related Illness and Therapy = 405
• 14.3 Bye Bye, I Must Go = 406
• References = 407
• Correction to : Music Analysis with Phase Portraits = C1
• Index = 409