Thermodynamic descriptions of small systems have undergone rapid development in recent years, driven by advances in experimental techniques that allow direct observation of fluctuations in mesoscopic and microscopic systems. In such regimes, thermal n...
Thermodynamic descriptions of small systems have undergone rapid development in recent years, driven by advances in experimental techniques that allow direct observation of fluctuations in mesoscopic and microscopic systems. In such regimes, thermal noise is no longer negligible, and the second law of thermodynamics alone provides only limited constraints on non-equilibrium dynamics. To address this limitation, a class of inequalities known as thermodynamic tradeoff relations has been established, providing universal bounds that relate dissipation to fluctuations, precision, speed, and performance. These relations reveal fundamental limits on what non-equilibrium systems can achieve, independent of microscopic details.
This thesis develops a unified theoretical framework for thermodynamic tradeoff relations in both classical stochastic systems and open quantum systems. The central objective is to clarify the structural relationships among different tradeoff relations, to identify their common origins, and to extend these ideas into the quantum regime where coherence and measurement backaction play essential roles.
The first part of the thesis focuses on classical stochastic thermodynamics. After reviewing the foundations of stochastic thermodynamics for Langevin dynamics and Markov jump processes, several prominent tradeoff relations are examined in detail, including the thermodynamic uncertainty relation (TUR), the entropic bound (EB), the power–efficiency (PE) tradeoff, and the classical speed limit (CSL). Each relation is derived explicitly, and its physical meaning and domain of validity are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on time-dependent and finite-time processes, which are most relevant for realistic experimental settings.
A central result of the thesis is the demonstration of a hierarchical structure underlying these seemingly distinct tradeoff relations. By introducing an extended thermodynamic uncertainty relation (XTUR) for general observables, it is shown that the EB, CSL, and PE tradeoff can be systematically derived as consequences of a more fundamental inequality. The formalism is applicable to both Langevin systems and Markov jump processes, and its validity is illustrated through several concrete examples, including driven Brownian particles, two-level systems, and systems subjected to inhomogeneous temperature fields.
The thesis further explores fluctuation–response inequalities (FRIs), which connect linear response theory with non-equilibrium fluctuations beyond the conventional fluctuation–dissipation theorem. It is shown that FRIs provide an alternative and unifying route to thermodynamic relations including the TUR and the equilibrium fluctuation-response relation.
The second part of the thesis extends the discussion to open quantum systems, where stochastic thermodynamics must be reformulated to account for quantum coherence, measurement backaction, and environmental decoherence. Using the Lindblad master equation and the quantum jump trajectory formalism, a consistent framework for defining entropy production and current fluctuations in open quantum systems is established. Within this framework, several proposed quantum thermodynamic uncertainty relations (QTURs) are analyzed and compared.
It is shown that, unlike in classical systems, quantum coherence can significantly modify or loosen thermodynamic bounds, and different QTURs capture distinct physical aspects of quantum dynamics. A systematic comparison of existing QTURs is carried out using a driven two-level system, highlighting the roles of quantum Fisher information, coherence-induced corrections, and measurement schemes. In addition, a quantum entropic bound (QEB) is derived, providing a quantum analogue of the classical EB and further extending the hierarchical perspective into the quantum domain. Connections between the QEB, QTURs, and quantum speed limits are discussed, emphasizing both their similarities and fundamental differences from classical results.
Overall, this thesis provides a coherent and unified understanding of thermodynamic tradeoff relations across classical and quantum non-equilibrium systems. By revealing the hierarchical structure among these inequalities and extending them to open quantum dynamics, the work deepens the conceptual foundations of stochastic thermodynamics and offers practical tools for characterizing dissipation, precision, and performance in small-scale systems. These results are expected to be relevant for a broad range of applications, including nanoscale heat engines, biomolecular processes, and emerging quantum technologies, and they point toward several promising directions for future research, such as many-body systems and non-Markovian dynamics