Bilingualism in development : language, literacy, and cognition . -2001

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xi
• 1 Faces of Bilingualism = 1
• Experiencing Bilingualism = 1
• Who Is Bilingual? = 4
• Methodological Complications = 6
• Where the Research Looks = 9
• Proficiency ; or, When Is Enough Enough? = 10
• Measuring Proficiency = 12
• A Process Approach = 13
• Cognitive Dimensions of Language Proficiency = 14
• Toward a Definition = 18
• 2 Starting with One Language = 21
• Landmarks of Language Acquisition = 23
• Lexicon = 24
• Syntax = 26
• Phonology = 28
• Pragmatics = 30
• Approaches to Language Acquisition = 31
• Criteria for Distinguishing among Theories = 32
• Formal Theories = 36
• Government-Binding Theory = 38
• Learnability Theory = 38
• Minimalism = 40
• Functional Theories = 40
• Cognitive Grammar = 42
• Construction Grammar = 44
• Connectionism = 46
• Out of the Dichotomy = 49
• Contributions and Limitations = 50
• Divide and Conquer = 52
• 3 And Adding Another = 56
• Mastering the System = 58
• Lexicon = 61
• Syntax = 67
• Phonology = 70
• When It Can Be Learned = 71
• Rationale for a Critical Period = 73
• Defining the Concept = 74
• Nature of the Evidence = 76
• What Does It Mean? = 82
• Conceptualization = 83
• Aging Cognition = 86
• Restricting the Range = 86
• Learning Two Languages = 88
• 4 Language in the Mind = 90
• In Search of Representations = 91
• Thinking Observed = 91
• Behavioral Evidence = 95
• Beyond Methodology = 98
• Adults and the Problem of Concepts = 100
• Types of Bilinguals = 100
• Storing Languages and Meanings = 102
• Implications of Complex Representation = 103
• Children, Language, and Thought = 105
• One Language, One Mind = 106
• Separated at Birth = 108
• Developing the Systems = 112
• Representing Two Languages = 116
• Interpreting the Evidence = 117
• Toward Distinct Representations = 119
• 5 Thinking About Language = 121
• Defining "Metalinguistic" = 122
• Metalinguistic Knowledge = 123
• Metalinguistic Ability = 124
• Metalinguistic Awareness = 126
• The Relevance of "Meta" for Second-Language Acquisition = 127
• Metalinguistic : The Process = 129
• Identifying Processing Components = 131
• Demands of Metalinguistic Tasks = 132
• Is It Better with Two Languages? = 134
• Word Awareness = 135
• Syntactic Awareness = 139
• Phonological Awareness = 141
• Interpreting the Research = 143
• Applying the Framework = 145
• Why the Difference? = 150
• 6 Link to Literacy = 152
• First Steps = 154
• Background Preparation = 156
• Social Context of Reading = 157
• Cognitive Prerequisites = 159
• The Invariance of Symbolic Notations = 160
• Correspondence Rules for Understanding Print = 162
• Early Reading = 165
• The Role of Phonological Awareness = 165
• Bilinguals and the Awareness of Sounds = 168
• Advantages in Phonological Awareness = 169
• The Language Connection = 169
• It's Just Easier = 171
• Fluent Reading = 173
• Factors in Second-Language Reading = 174
• Decoding the Text = 176
• The Difference in Reading = 179
• 7 Beyond Language = 182
• Bilinguals and Intelligence = 183
• What Is Intelligence? = 184
• The Processes of Intelligence = 186
• Languages and Cognition = 188
• Groundwork for Interactions = 190
• The Style of Cognition = 192
• Field Dependence-Independence = 193
• The Symbol Basis of Quantity = 195
• Numbers and Numerals : The Basis of Quantity = 197
• Computation and Quantity = 199
• Concepts and Creativity = 203
• Problem-Solving in Bilingual Children = 204
• Conceptualization in a Sorting Task = 206
• Piecing It Together = 210
• Pattern of Results = 211
• Toward an Explanation = 213
• The Source of Inhibition = 216
• 8 The Extent of the Bilingual Mind = 219
• A Matter of Class = 220
• Socioeconomics and Learning = 220
• A Bilingual Disadvantage? = 222
• Time, Timing, and Timeliness = 224
• One at a Time? = 225
• The Learning Latency = 230
• Into the Future = 232
• Educating Children = 234
• Bilingual Education = 234
• Relationship to Achievement = 238
• Who Am I? = 239
• Lessons for Cognition = 242
• Language = 243
• Cognition = 245
• Brain = 247
• Finally = 247
• References = 249
• Index = 281