공관복음의 악한 포도원 농부 비유를 통한 예수 그리스도 구원의 성경적 연구 : 마태복음 21장 33-46절 석의 통한 성경적 연구 = The Biblical Study of Jesus Christ Salvation through the Parables of the Wicked Tenants in the vineyard according to Synoptic Gospels in the Holy Bible. - The Biblical Study on an Exegesis of Matthew 21: 33-46 -

국문 초록 (Abstract)

우선, 악한 포도원 농부의 비유는 복음 중의 복음인 예수 그리스도 구원을
상징적으로 말하고 있다. 마태복음의 악한 포도원 농부 비유를 통해 이스라엘 종교
지도자들은 하나님이 보내신 구약의 선지자들의 하나님의 대언의 말씀을 듣지 않았고
오히려 선지자들에게 고통을 주고 때리고 죽였고 하나님 말씀에 순종하지 않았다.
또한, 하나님은 자신의 아들이신 예수 그리스도를 성육신으로 이 땅에 보내셨으나 유
대 종교 지도자들은 회개하지 않고 이를 알지 못하고 오히려 거짓 선지자로 예수를
십자가에서 죽이기로 한 것을 비유로 암시하고 있다. 이 비유는 결국 예수께서는
복음은 유대인에서 이방인으로 전해진다는 나타낸다. 즉, 복음은 모든 백성이 예수 그
리스도를 믿어 하나님의 자녀가 되어 하나님께 예배드리는 것을 드러내고 있다.
저는 이 비유를 통해 당시 예수 그리스도가 왜 포도원 비유를 했고, 왜 예수
자신이 유대 종교 지도자들로부터 고난을 받고 십자가에서 죽으시고 부활하시고 교회
를 세우는 것을 구약과 신약의 성경적 이유와 근거를 밝히고자 한다. 이 악한 포도원
농부의 비유는 유대교에서 구약에 기다리던 메시아가 바로 예수이시며 그리스도이시
며 하나님의 아들이시고 인간의 죄사함을 위해 이 땅에 성육신하여 하나님의 어린양
으로 속건 제물로 십자가에서 죽으시고 부활하여 하나님이 인간에 대한 원죄에 대한
진노를 해소하신 것이다. 이 비유를 통해 누구든지 하나님과 인간의 중보자이신 예수
그리스도를 믿음으로 하나님의 자녀가 되어 천국에 들어가는 은혜를 받을 수 있다는
나타내고 있다. 즉, 예수 그리스도는 하나님이 가지고 있는 인간의 원죄에 대한 법정
적 개념인 하나님의 진노를 해소하기 위해 속죄 대속물(Penal Substitution)로 죽으
신 것이다.
이 비유의 성경적 해석을 위해 당시 헬레니즘 시대의 토지제도와 사회경제적
배경 안에서 역사비평과 본문 비평을 통해 신학적 의미를 찾는다. 특히, 돌에 대한
구약의 비유와 신약의 비유를 연구하여, 돌이 바로 예수 그리스도를 의미하며 이를
통해 예수 그리스도의 구원의 신학적 의미를 밝힌다. 특히, 유대교 문서 탈굼과 예수
의 메시아적 성경적 해석과 예정된 예수 그리스도의 고난과 죽으심을 통해 예수 하나
님의 아들이며 메시아라는 것을 나타낸다.
끝으로, 마태복음 21장 33-46절의 악한 포도원 농부의 비유를 통해 구약에
기다리던 메시아가 예수 그리스도이며 예수 그리스도가 십자가에서 죽으시고 부활하
시고 우리를 구원하신 것을 성경적으로 밝힌다. 궁극적으로 저의 연구는 공관복음의
악한 포도원 비유의 예수 그리스도의 구원의 성경적 연구를 통해 모든 민족이 오직
예수 그리스도를 믿어 죄사함을 받고 인간의 영혼이 구원을 받아 하나님 백성이 된다
는 복음이 모든 민족에게 전파되어 하나님 나라가 확장되는 것이다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 일러두기 ··························································································· ⅳ
• 약어표 ······························································································· v
• 국문초록 및 주제어 ············································································ vi
• I. 서론 ······························································································· １
• A. 연구 동기 및 목적 ······································································· １
• 1. 연구 동기 ·················································································· １
• 2. 연구 목적 ·················································································· １
• B. 연구 방법 ··················································································· ２
• C. 선행 연구 ··················································································· ４
• Ⅱ. 헬레니즘 시대의 토지제도와 사회경제적 배경사 ······························· ５
• A. 헬레니즘 시대의 토지제도 이해 필요성 ·········································· ５
• B. 헬레니즘 시대의 사회경제적 배경사 ·············································· ５
• 1. 임차인 농부는 부유한 상업적 영농인들 ········································· ５
• 2. 악한 포도원 농부 비유의 삶의 정황 ············································· ６
• III. 악한 포도원 농부의 신학적 분석 ··················································· ６
• A. 본문 비평(Textual Criticism)의 분석 개요 ····································· ６
• B. 악한 포도원 농부의 구절별 신학적 분석 ········································ 12
• C. 마가복음과 마태복음과 누가복음 평행구절 비교 ······························ 31
• D. 마태복음 신학적 주석과 유대 문화 분석 ········································ 38
• 　 1. 악한 포도원의 농부 주석과 유대 문화 ············································ 38
• 　 2. 악한 포도원의 농부 비유 단어와 신학적 해석 ································· 45
• - ii -
• E. 마가복음과 마태복음 평행구절 분석 ··············································· 47
• F. 마가복음 대비 마태복음의 신학적 강조점 ······································ 47
• IV. 악한 포도원 농부의 성경적 해석 ··················································· 49
• A. 포도원 비유의 성경적 해석 ·························································· 49
• B. 당시 히브리인의 포도원 비유 해석 ··············································· 51
• C. 돌의 성경적 해석 ······································································· 51
• 1. 돌의 메시야 해석 ······································································ 51
• 2. 돌과 예수 그리스도 비유 해석 ···················································· 53
• D. 도마복음과 초대교회 신앙분석 ···················································· 54
• E. 당시 유대교 문서의 탈굼 분석 ····················································· 54
• V. 예수의 선지자와 메시야 관한 성경적 해석 ····································· 56
• A. 예수를 메시야 인정하지 않는 이유 ············································· 56
• B. 시편 118장 22－23절과 시편 탈굼 분석 ····································· 59
• C. 예수 그리스도 고난과 죽음 ························································ 61
• D. 고난 받고 죽는 하나님 아들 예수 그리스도 ··································· 63
• 　 1. 이사야 53장 고난 받고 죽는 메시야 ············································· 63
• 　 2. 이사야 ５장 포도원 노래 ··························································· 64
• 　 3. 시편 118장 22－23절 신학적 의미 ············································· 65
• 　 4. 예수 그리스도로 세워진 공동체 모임 교회 ···································· 66
• 　 5. 의의 열매 신학적 의미 ······························································ 66
• E. 구약과 신약의 돌 비유 성경적 분석 ············································ 67
• 　 1. 다니엘서 2장 34－35절 돌 ························································ 67
• 2. 누가복음 20장 17－18절 돌 ····················································· 67
• 3. 이사야 28장 16절 시험한 돌과 기초 돌 ····································· 69
• - iii -
• 　 4. 로마서 9장 32－33절 걸림돌 ······················································· 69
• 　 5. 고린도전서 1장 23절 거리끼는 것 ················································ 70
• 　 6. 시편 2장 6-7절 시온 ·································································· 70
• 　 7. 시편 118편 22－23절 모퉁이의 머릿돌 ········································· 70
• VI. 악한 포도원의 농부 비유를 통한 선교학적 관점 ······························· 72
• A. 악한 포도원 비유의 선교학적 분석 ··············································· 72
• B. 예수 그리스도 구원의 여정 분석 ················································· 73
• VII. 결론 ··························································································· 74
• A. 요약 ························································································· 74
• B. 향후 신학적 연구 과제 ·································································· 76
• C. 제안 ·························································································· 77
• 참고문헌 ··························································································· 80
• 영문초록 ··························································································· 85