영국의 동유럽 이민자 : 과거와 현재 = Eastern European Migrants in Britain: Past and Present

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper explores the immigration policy and social conflicts relating to Eastern European migrants in Britain. It deals with not only the current issues of the migrants but also those who immigrated into the UK from Eastern Europe by 1945. Recently the issue of the foreign workers from Eastern European countries is at stake, because their inflow has rapidly increased since EU enlargement on 1 May 2004. British workers believe that their jobs have been lost to Eastern European workers, and that a huge amount of tax has been spent for the latter―mainly for their health, education, and travel coasts. As the economic recession become serious in the UK, xenophobia and nationalism against Eastern European migrants have increased.
Britain has been one of the favorite destinations to which Eastern Europeans emigrated. Britain was known as a country of religious toleration until early 20th century. Recently it is the country where they could work with relatively high salary, learning English. British government has welcomed Eastern European migrants, who are not different from Britons racially and culturally, when the country suffers labor shortage. By the end of the Second World War Britain which faced serious labor deficiency actively recruited Eastern European labors such as Polish veterans and refugees. Immediately upon EU enlargement in 2004, Britain, along with Ireland and Sweden, was in a minority among the member states of the pre-enlarged EU to grant workers from the A8 countries free access to the UK labor market, since it suffers significant shortages of labor in low-wage jobs.
The migrants from Eastern Europe in the 21st century are different from those Eastern Europeans who entered into Britain by 1945. The latter established its community and was integrated into British society, while the former does not intend to settle down in Britain permanently. It shows a pattern of ‘seasonal migration' or ‘circular migration'. Indeed, the 21st-century Eastern European migrants are the so called, 'Nomad', who migrate wherever and whenever in search of jobs.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

2009년 영국은 경제위기와 함께 유럽연합 회원국들로부터 온 외국인 노동자 문제로 고심하고 있다. 경기침체 상황이 장기화될 전망 속에 영국인 노동자들 중 일부는 외국인 노동자들 때문에 자신의 일자리를 잃고 있다는 생각에서 “영국의 일자리는 영국인에게”라는 구호를 외치고 있다. 이 갈등의 중심에는 유럽연합의 확대와 함께 영국으로 유입된 동유럽 출신의 이민자들이 자리 잡고 있다. 본 연구는 유럽연합 확대 이후 영국의 동유럽 이민자에 대한 정책과 갈등양상 뿐만이 아니라 2차 세계대전 직후 영국에 정착했던 동유럽 이민자들도 연구 대상으로 삼아 과거와 현재의 동유럽 이민자들을 비교한다. 동유럽 이민자는 영국 정부가 노동력 부족을 겪을 때 적극적으로 수용한 이민자였다. 영국인들과 인종적으로나 문화적으로 이질감이 적은 동유럽인들은 최적의 외국인 노동력으로 간주되었다. 전후 영국의 동유럽 이민자 집단의 주착이 되었던 폴란드 이민자들은 전쟁과 추방이라는 강제적 원인에 의해 영국에 정착하게 되었고, 강한 민족적 정체성을 드러내었다. 반세기 뒤 새로운 폴란드인을 중심으로 한 동유럽 이민자들은 경제적 원인에서 영국으로 들어왔다가, 영국 이주의 경제적 가치가 떨어지면 곧 떠나가고, 또 언젠가 다시 돌아올 전형적인 ‘신유목민(nomad)'의 모습을 보여주고 있다.

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