진보, 퇴보, 근대성: 프랑스 제3공화국 퇴보 이론의 역사적 전개 = Progress, Degeneration, and Modernity: A historical study on the degeneration theory in the French Third Republic

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The most characteristic imagery of the nineteenth century would be progress. Progress and perfectibility of human beings seems to or at least are perceived to be deciding factor of historical development. Keen observers of the fin-de-siècle, however, also find a diametric opposite tendency: degeneration. The pan-European preoccupation with the idea of degeneration recast the Nineteenth century in different light. Bénédict Augustin Morel introduced the concept of biological degeneration in France, while the defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and the ensuing rearticulation of the socio-political problems further developed a unique brand of the degeneration theory in the works of Valentine Magnan and Max Nordau. The degeneration theory functioned as an alternative to progress, producing new understanding of physical as well as social furture of mankind. Social pathology, that is, organic understanding of society in bifurcated categories of the normal and the pathological, flourished under its theoretical underpinnings, as evident in Émile Durkheim’s works. The degeneration theory offers two-fold meanings vis-à-vis conceptions of modernity. On the one hand, it cast fundamental doubts about progress,the bedrock of the temporal understanding of modernity; on the other,it denoted an essentially modern approach to social problems, reverting back to the central tenet of modernity as an explanatory category, social malleability. Such historical unfolding of the degeneration theory offers an alternate imagery of the Nineteenth century and, in turn, suggests revisions to the conventional conceptualization of modernity as either temporal or explanatory category.

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