崔漢綺『人政』<鑑枰>의 人事評價에 關한 硏究 : 現代 企業의 人事評價方式과 關聯하여 = (A) study of HR management on 『Injeong(人政)』 <Gampyung(鑑枰)> by Choi han gi

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

ABSTRACT

A study of HR management on『Injeong(人政)』<Gampyung(鑑枰)>
by Choi han gi

Lee Seog-hwan
Graduate School of Confucian Studies
Eastern philosophy and culture division
Sungkunkwan University

The most essential thing applied to run most organizations is to find out how to choose human resources, so the good beginning of all things can be started by proper human management. All the time, a lot of effort has been put into hiring excellent human resources and managing organizations. Our society has badly focused on merit system. The merit system and materialism have been important to our society since the 'IMF era'. Also, efficiency and the merit system are key roles to take control of managing businesses. In addition, fierce competition and reward for winners replace the importance of manpower. Thus, our society has stuck to superficial outcome and ignored natural process. The selfishness which is prevalent in our society causes environmental problems and makes people be neglected as well. Most of the businesses also have faced those social problems. However, they can develop new values and give them to our society. Therefore, most businesses can play a leading role in building business ethics and new values which show human being is of importance to our society by focusing on reasonable human management system, the essential factor in taking care of their own businesses.
Some problems in our society and companies have been caused by materialism and the values focusing on the merit system. That's why I study human management system and problems of modern companies by comparing them to the values in our tradition. There are several traditional ideas in modern Korean society, one of which is Confucianism that has a strong effect on Korean society. Confucianism sets standards for both Koreans' ways of thinking and their ways of behaving. The study tells that it was based on human being and then come to human being, for studies on human being in Confucianism have been researched and practised for a long time. The studies of Confucianism in the late Joseon Dynasty in 19th century are the basic ideas of my study. That's the first reason why I choose Injeong(人政, human politics) written by Choi han-ki(崔漢綺, 1803-1877) as the basic study. Secondly, he accepted western science, studied it, and improved his own study based on Confucianism. Injeong(人政) consists of 25 volumes telling how to manage human being. The book is divided four chapters; Cheukinmun(測人門, chapter on understanding people), Gyoinmun(敎人門, chapter on teaching people), Seoninmun(選人門, chapter on choosing people), and Younginmun(用人門, chapter on stationing people). They are divided by each role and related to the order of hiring people. Cheukin(測人) is the start of human management and Youngin(用人) is the purpose of it. Gyoin(敎人) and Seonin(選人) are the process of human management. There is Gampyung(鑑枰, the table of evaluation for people) in the last part of Cheukinmun(測人門). Cheukin(測人) is a way of measuring personality while Gampyung(鑑枰) is a list of how to classify people by basing on practical demands. Gampyung(鑑枰) is made up of Ogu(五具, five factors used for evaluating some qualities of a person) and Obal(五發, five assisting factors used for helping Ogu(五具)). Every factors is used as the standard for Sojang(消長, giving high scores and low scores by evaluating each quality of a person's) and according to the good and bad of a person's character, high and low scores are given to a person. Ogu(五具) have Gipum(氣稟, gift), Simdeok(心德, attitude to all), Cheyung(體容, appearance), Mungyun(聞見, education), and Cheoji(處地, circumstance). These essential qualities are what human being has. Obal(五發) consist of Jaeguk(才局, improved gift), Eongbyun(應變, ability to cope with things), Pungdo(風度, appearance), Gyungrun(經綸, social experience), and Gosi(措施, ability to deal with work). Those assisting factors are manifested by Ogu(五具). Gipum(氣稟) has four types of a person's character; Gang(强, determined and robust person), Yak(弱, helpless person), Cheong(淸, gentle and flexible person), and Tak(濁, negative and hot-tempered person), which tell what he is. Gang(强) and Chung(淸) are persons who have good qualities and they can get high scores while Yak(弱) and Tak(濁) bad qualities and get low scores. Gipum(氣稟) is the mental and physical quality which a person has when he/she was born. Simdeok(心德) also has four types of a person's character; Sung(誠, true person), Ui(僞, hypocritical person), Soon(純, innocent), and Pak(駁, rude and uneducated person). Sung(誠) and Soon(純) get high scores while Ui(僞) and Pak(駁) low scores. Cheyoung(體容) has four types of a person's character; Hu(厚, generous person), Pak(薄, selfish person), Mi(美, beautiful person), and Chu(醜, ugly and dirty person). Hu(厚) and Mi(美) are good to get high scores and Pak(薄) and Chu(醜) to low scores. However, Cheyoung(體容) also means that a person takes care of himself with right attitude including beautiful appearance. Mungyun(聞見) has four types; Ju(周, sophisticated and experienced person), Bi(比, narrow-minded person), Ah(雅, graceful person), and Sok(俗, materialistic person). Ju(周) and Ah(雅) are persons who have good qualities for getting high scores while Bi(比) and Sok(俗) for low scores. Mungyun(聞見) is the ability to do study and work. Cheoji(處地) has four types; Gui(貴, noble person), Cheon(賤, common person), Bu(富, rich person), and Bin(貧, poor person). Gui(貴) and Bu(富) can get high scores while Cheon(賤) and Bin(貧) low scores. Cheoji(處地) is a person's situation when he/she was born and can be changed by his/her will. The value of Gipum(氣稟) is 4 scores, Simdeok(心德) is 3 scores, Cheyung(體容) is 2 scores, Mungyun(聞見) is 1 score, and Cheoji(處地) is a half score. The high and low scores of each quality are similar to the process of human being's growth. Those qualities come from individual to society and from inside to outside and make relationships among them. Ogu(五具) has the combination of each five types, which shows 1,024 persons' types. Hyegang(惠岡, Choi han-ki's pen name) created useful study by using mathematical measurement. That's because he established practical study, not abstract one. He wrote Gampyung(鑑枰) by basing on his Ki(氣) philosophy. His energy theory is his own philosophy added traditional energy theory which is showing all in universe to experiential philosophy in western science. Everything in universe is formed by energy, which moves in certain ways and then formed certain things. If energy formed a human being, it is called Ilsinwunhwa(一身運化, an organic structure created by Wunhwa), and if energy formed a society, it is called Tongminwunhwa(統民運化, Wunhwa of building relationships between a human being, society, nation). If it formed the universe, it is called Cheonjiwunhwa(天地運化, Wunhwa of controling the Universe and its principle). The three kinds of Wunhwa(運化, transformative action) are made by energy, and they are the basic of interacting among all things. When energies from each area meet one anther and move in certain ways and formed things, we call it Gyojeobwunhwa(交接運化, Wunhwa of interaction) and it builds new energy's moving in certain ways to form new things. Gyojeob(交接, interaction among all things) is short from Gyoinjeobmul(交人接物), meaning all things under the sun interact one anther. All is made by interaction. A person can understand others by reflecting himself, and from outside, the inside of all things can be understood, which is based on Wunhwa(運化) and Gyojeob(交接).
Recently, some businesses have judged their employees only by their ability to work. Thus, some of them have been in trouble because of some employees who try to achieve their goal immorally. Most of the businesses have come to realize the importance of ethics management and CSR(corporate social responsibility), so they make organizations which are to take care of corruptions, have the code of business ethics, and try to donate certain amount of their profit. However, the main judgement which is used to hire employees working for those organizations is decided by how well they work, so it is hard to believe such employees who do not have business ethics. It is the time that we need new evaluation factors to choose good employees. Fortunately, we have the evaluation factors which came from our tradition. I expect Korean companies to use the evaluation factors. For example, Gipum(氣稟) can be used to evaluate a person's basic quality, Simdeok(心德) a person's attitude to all, Cheyoung(體容) a person's improvement, and Mungyun(聞見) a person's knowledge for his work and his way of dealing with his work. It is not right to absorb in western values by ignoring our traditional values, because some western values are not always perfect in solving our problems. Gampyung(鑑枰) can be the key not only for solving our problems but also for building new standards to judge a person's quality. There have been some wrong examples which proved how important human management was in our society. Whether he/she runs big organizations or not, he/she has to have certain right standards and principles. Though Injeong(人政) was written 150 years ago, it shows that proper human management can play a leading role in managing companies. Besides, we should find out our ancestors' excellent ways of thinking and then study their values for improving our society. Also, we should be proud of our traditional values and continue succeeding to and improving it.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序 論 1
• 1. 硏究目的 1
• 2. 硏究方法과 範圍 6
• 3.『人政』의 著述 背景 7
• Ⅱ. "人政" <鑑枰>의 構成과 項目 22
• 1. "人政"의 體系 22
• 2. <鑑枰>의 構成과 位置 30
• 3. 五具 와 五發 34
• Ⅲ. <鑑枰>을 通해 바라본 現代 企業經營 51
• 1. 企業의 人事評價方式 51
• 2. 企業倫理 58
• 3. 道德的 解弛 (Moral Hazard) 61
• Ⅳ. <鑑枰>을 應用한 人事評價方法 64
• 1. 새로운 評價項目 64
• 2. 評價者의 敎育과'‘測人' 78
• Ⅴ. 結 論 81
• 參考文獻 85
• ABSTRACT 87