Computer graphics and environmental planning

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Contributing Authors = ⅴ
• Preface = xvi
• PARTⅠ COMPUTER GRAPHICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION MAKING = 1
• Chapter 1 The CEQ Air Pollution Exposure Risk Model ／ Kay H. Jones Timothy L. Chapman, Randi Ferrari = 3
• ABSTRACT = 3
• THE AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM = 4
• METHODOLOGY FOR THE AIR POLLUTION-HEALTH RISK MODEL = 3
• THE ROLE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS = 7
• THE CO HEALTH RISK MODEL = 7
• CONCLUSIONS = 11
• REFERENCES = 13
• Chapter 2 A Statewide Mapping System for Generalized Planning Analysis ／ Robert F. Mills = 15
• ABSTRACT = 15
• BACKGROUND = 16
• Policy Issues and Institutional Setting = 16
• Response = 16
• METHODOLOGY = 17
• Landsat Data Base － "A Picture Is Worth 8.4 x $$10^6$$Words" = 17
• Cartographic Data Bases = 18
• SOFTWARE = 18
• Landsat = 18
• Cartographic Relational Interface = 20
• Cookie-Cutter = 20
• APPLICATION AND EXAMPLES = 20
• Use in 208 Water Quality Planning = 20
• CONCLUSION = 24
• In Retrospect = 24
• The Role of Graphics = 24
• STATE MAPPING SYSTEMS － THE NEXT STEPS = 27
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS = 28
• REFERENCES = 28
• Chapter 3 Beyond Hardware and Software : Implementing a State-Level Geographical Information System ／ David J. Cowen, Alfred H. Vang, Senator James M. Waddell, Jr. = 30
• THE DEMAND FOR A GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM = 30
• The Impetus : The Coastal Zone Management Act = 31
• CREATING A GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM : THE IDEAL VERSUS REALITY = 32
• The First Stage : Coastal Mapping Program = 34
• Second-Stage Development : Information System = 35
• The Role of Computer Graphics and Automated Geographical Data Handing = 37
• Examples of Outputs from the Geographical Information System = 38
• STATE-LEVEL APPROACHES TO GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS = 44
• The Next Step = 49
• REFERENCES = 50
• Chapter 4 Program Evaluation and Policy Analysis with Computer Mapping ／ Robert R. Bell, Gary C. Pickett, Joseph T. Scardina = 52
• MAPPING AND PROGRAM ANALYSIS = 53
• REQUIREMENTS FOR MAPPING = 53
• Data Files = 54
• Address-Matching Software = 56
• Computer Mapping Tools = 57
• Combining Features and Data = 57
• Selecting and Specifying the Data = 58
• DESCRIPTION OF THE TENNESSEE TECH MAPPING SYSTEM = 58
• METHOD DESCRIPTION = 59
• RESOURCES REQUIRED = 61
• AVAILABLE MAPPING OPTIONS = 61
• Choice of Mapping Reference Areas = 61
• Data Selection = 63
• Overlay Mapping = 63
• Window (or “Zoom”) Mapping = 63
• Plotter or CRT Copy Maps = 63
• Multicolor Mapping = 63
• Modification of Density Functions = 63
• Histogram Support Charts = 63
• PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED = 64
• IMPLICATIONS OF THE MAPPING PROJECT = 64
• Further Applications = 64
• A Final Note of System Effectiveness = 65
• REFERENCES = 65
• Chapter 5 A Graphics-Oriented Computer System To Support Environmental Decision Making ／ H. V. Giddings = 66
• ABSTRACT = 66
• PROGRAM DEFINITION = 67
• THE REAP COMPUTER SYSTEM = 69
• FUNCTIONAL DEFINITION = 70
• THE DATA BASE = 71
• BROWSE = 73
• QUERY = 76
• MAP = 77
• GAP = 78
• INTEGRATED SOFTWARE = 78
• THE MASTER MONITOR = 79
• A SET OF TOOLS = 79
• A TYPICAL EXAMPLE = 79
• CONCLUSION = 81
• REFERENCES = 83
• PARTⅡ COMPUTER GRAPHICS FOR REGIONAL POLICY ANALYSIS = 85
• Chapter 6 Use of Computer Graphics In Policymaking ／ Alan Paller = 87
• ABSTRACT = 87
• THE GROWTH OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS = 88
• Barrier 1 : The High Cost of Equipment = 88
• Barrier 2 : Low-Quality Output = 88
• Barrier 3 : Dependence on Programmers = 90
• Barrier 4 : Lack of Demand from Management = 90
• EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER USE BY POLICYMAKERS = 91
• The Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention = 92
• The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Action Against AT&T = 93
• THE PRINCIPAL ROLE OF GRAPHIC DISPLAY IN POLICYMAKING = 95
• Chart Books for Program Managers = 96
• Choosing the Right Chart = 96
• ACTION PLAN FOR THE FIRST COMPUTER GRAPHICS PROJECT = 97
• Chapter 7 Regional Environmental Analysis and Assessment Utilizing the Geoecology Data Base ／ R. J. Olson, J. M. Klopatek, C. J. Emerson = 102
• ABSTRACT = 102
• GEOECOLOGY DATA BASE = 103
• Data-Base Design and Contents = 104
• Computer System = 106
• Data Resources = 107
• APPLICATIONS OF THE GEOECOLOGY DATA BASE = 108
• Natural Vegetation and Land Use = 112
• Wilderness-Area Evaluation = 113
• DISCUSSION = 116
• REFERENCES = 116
• Chapter 8 Selecting New Town Sites in the United States Using Regional Data Bases ／ Jack Dangermond = 119
• THE PROBLEM = 119
• THE METHODOLOGY = 120
• The Process for Selecting the Region Studied = 121
• General Outline of the Process of Regional Analysis for New Town Sites = 122
• The Study Area = 122
• Data Collection, Image Acquisition, and Base-Map Creation = 122
• Image Interpretation = 124
• Data Integration and Mapping = 124
• Map and Data Automation = 124
• Data Conversion to Grid-Cell Format = 124
• Computer Modeling = 125
• Computer Mapping = 125
• Further Analysis of Candidate Areas for New Towns = 126
• Detailed Site Analyses = 127
• Resources Required = 127
• THE ROLE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS IN SOLVING THE PROBLEM = 132
• Some Special Characteristics of the Methodology = 132
• Special Benefits of the Methodology = 133
• EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS PRODUCED = 134
• Project Example = 134
• Color Graphics = 134
• Plotter Maps = 134
• Electrostatic Plotter Maps = 134
• Printer Maps = 135
• SOME NEXT STEPS IN USING THIS METHODOLOGY = 137
• REFERENCES = 137
• APPENDIX = 138
• Chapter 9 Cartographic Analysis of Deer Habitat Utilization ／ C. Dana Tomlin, Stephen H. Berwick, Sandra M. Tomlin = 141
• PROBLEM = 141
• METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS = 142
• USE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS = 145
• EXAMPLES = 146
• RETROSPECT = 148
• REFERENCE = 150
• PART Ⅲ TWO COMPUTER GRAPHIC CASE STUDIES : FEDERAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT = 151
• Chapter 10 Graphical Display Maps Foster Regulation Policy ／ T. K. Gardenier = 153
• ABSTRACT = 153
• RELATED QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGY = 154
• COMPUTER GRAPHICS IN IDENTIFYING STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION = 155
• ILLUSTRATIONS OF GRAPHICAL MAPS FOR ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH = 157
• Exploration of Interrelationships through Bivariate Maps = 162
• Advantages of Cross and Diamond Defaults = 164
• Possibilities for Future Refinements in Mapping Graphics = 165
• REFERENCES = 167
• Chapter 11 The Influence of Computer Graphics on Local Government Productivity ／ John Michael Hadalski, Jr. = 171
• ABSTRACT = 171
• MAPPING AND LAND-DATA SYSTEMS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT, AS PORTRAYED BY THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA = 173
• THE INFLUENCE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT PRODUCTIVTY = 174
• TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES IN A LOCAL GRAPHICS PROGRAM = 176
• POLICY AND ORGANIZATION ISSUES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT COMPUTER GRAPHICS PROJECTS = 179
• CONCLUSION : THE FUTURE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT = 183
• REFERENCES = 184
• PART Ⅳ ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS = 185
• Chapter 12 Computer-Aided Siting of Coal-Fired Power Plants : A Case Study ／ Dennis R. Smith, John H. Robinson = 187
• ABSTRACT = 187
• Computer-Aided Siting = 187
• Case Study Background = 188
• SITING METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUE = 189
• Site Suitability Model = 189
• GIMS － Geographic Information Management System = 189
• SITE-SELECTION CRITERIA = 190
• Environmental Sensitivity = 190
• Cost of Construction and Operation = 192
• Power Plant Derating = 194
• SITE-SELECTION ANALYSIS = 194
• Information Flow = 194
• Spatial Analysis = 196
• Composite Overlay = 199
• CONCLUSIONS = 199
• Case Study Results = 199
• Summary of the Siting Method = 201
• Chapter 13 Mapping Congestion Patterns on Urban Highway Networks ／ J. B. Schneider = 202
• DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM = 202
• METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH = 205
• ROLE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS = 206
• EXAMPLES OF DISPLAYS FROM THE CDS = 214
• NEXT STEPS = 219
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS = 221
• REFERENCES = 221
• Chapter 14 The Princeton Railroad Network Model : Application of Computer Graphics in the Analysis of a Changing Railroad Industry ／ Alain L. Kornhauser, Mark Hornung, Yehonathan Hazony, Jerome M. Lutin = 224
• ABSTRACT = 224
• MAJOR ELEMENTS OF THE PRINCETON RAILROAD NETWORK
• MODEL = 225
• THE LINK-NODE NETWORK OF U.S. RAILROADS = 226
• DEMAND DATA-CARLOAD WAYBILL STATISTICS = 226
• FRA ACCIDENT / INCIDENT FILE = 228
• MODELS OF SHIPPER AND RAILROAD ROUTING BEHAVIOR = 230
• INTRACARRIER ROUTE-GENERATION
• MODEL = 230
• INTERCARRIER(QUANTA-NET) ROUTE-GENERATION
• MODEL = 232
• TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT = 232
• PARTICIPATORY VALUE = 236
• OPPORTUNITY COST = 236
• ELEMENTARY TRAFFIC DIVERSION = 238
• ADVANTAGES OF GRAPHICS = 238
• REFERENCES = 241
• Index = 243