Background: Early lung cancer screening has increased detection of ground-glass nodule (GGN)–dominant lesions, yet how these lesions acquire invasion and how genome-level evolution relates to microenvironmental remodeling remain incompletely defined...
Background: Early lung cancer screening has increased detection of ground-glass nodule (GGN)–dominant lesions, yet how these lesions acquire invasion and how genome-level evolution relates to microenvironmental remodeling remain incompletely defined.
Methods: We profiled spatial gene expression from paired preinvasive GGN-predominant and invasive solid-predominant regions in three resected lung adenocarcinomas, and integrated two EGFR-mutant tumors with region-matched laser-capture microdissection whole-genome sequencing (LCM-WGS). Cell-type abundance and epithelial states were inferred using a single-cell reference; ligand–receptor communication and pathway activities were quantified within each section; diffusion-based spatial trajectories captured continuous transitions from GGN toward the solid core. One tumor contained adjacent normal, GGN, and solid tissue, enabling reconstruction of trajectories and cell-state shifts across all three compartments, while in both EGFR-mutant tumors multi-region LCM-WGS was used to anchor spatial patterns to clonal architecture and copy-number profiles.
Results: Cellular composition was reorganized with invasion. Two tumors converged on an epithelial-high, fibroblast-low, myeloid-high solid region, whereas one showed a stroma-dominant solid core; myeloid influx increased in all three. Within the epithelium, a malignant-potential state (tS2) expanded in solid while benign-like states receded, and myofibroblasts consistently increased, indicating matrix deposition and stiffening. T-cell lineages shifted toward exhaustion (exhausted CD8+ in all cases, exhausted T follicular helper cells more modestly), with regulatory T cells increasing in two tumors, supporting an inflamed-but-immunosuppressed milieu. The invasive niche showed stronger matrix-anchored and humoral signaling—complement–B-cell interactions became more prominent, whereas NK/T-cell–supportive axes such as HLA-E/NKG2A and IL-7 signaling diminished—and pathway scores corroborated hypoxia, metabolic stress, and reinforced matrix dependence. Multi-region LCM-WGS in the two EGFR-mutant tumors revealed branched evolution between GGN and solid compartments from a shared EGFR-mutant trunk and highlighted inter-tumoral heterogeneity in chromosomal instability, with one copy-number–quiet tumor and one early chromosomal instability-high tumor in which a copy number abnormality-burdened subclone dominated the solid core.
Conclusions: These spatial multi-omics data indicate that, at the GGN-to-solid transition, an early invasive ecosystem is assembled by parallel tumor-intrinsic diversification and niche remodeling— malignant-program expansion, matrix reinforcement, humoral/complement bias, and progressive loss of NK/T-cell support—and that within part-solid nodules, GGN and solid compartments already constitute sibling clonal lineages with variable degrees of chromosomal instability. This framework may inform risk stratification of GGN-dominant lesions and the design of early interventions targeting stromal and immune pathways.