Plasmonic metal nanostructures can enhance various optical signals with electric field augmented by surface plasmons. In particular, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) can be enhanced approximately in proportion to the fourth power of the electr...
Plasmonic metal nanostructures can enhance various optical signals with electric field augmented by surface plasmons. In particular, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) can be enhanced approximately in proportion to the fourth power of the electric field, which is an important spectroscopy that can exploit the augmented electric field. Because various factors of plasmonic metal nanostructures affect near-field enhancement, it is necessary to design and engineer plasmonic metal nanostructures to obtain an optimized signal in order to develop a useful platform. In particular, as the size of the nanostructure increases or the shape and composition become more complex, various new optical properties are created by plasmon hybridization. Therefore, engineering these plasmonic metal heteronanostructures is an endless challenge in plasmonics. Plasmonic metal heteronanostructures can be categorized into single-particles and assembled structures. In this thesis, two important issues are addressed, one for each heteronanostructure.
In Chapter 1, the basic background was described for applying plasmonic metal heteronanostructures to SERS.
In Chapter 2, multimeric nanoparticle assemblies were modeled with a focus on assembly yield, which is important to utilize near-field hot spots augmented in the interparticle gap of multimeric assembled heteronanostructures for SERS. Although nanoparticle assembly has been heavily studied and used, a general model that describes the nanoparticle assembly process from a monomer to a multimer supported by experimental data has not been established. In this study, we developed a statistical model [nanoparticle self-assembly statistical estimation model with blocking and linking efficiency (NSSEMBLE)] to quantitatively describe multimeric nanoparticle assembly and provide directional information for forming, analyzing and utilizing desired multimeric assembled nanostructures, especially for SERS application. The proposed approach is a straightforward probabilistic model considering the distribution of the ligands on nanoparticles, ligand-linking efficiency, and excluded area based on the steric effect between nanoparticles. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated the multimeric assembly of DNA-modified gold nanoparticles that follows the NSSEMBLE-guided behavior. Moreover, using the results of electron microscopy-based experimental analysis, a set of parameters such as the ligand-linking efficiency (εl) and section number (s) could be estimated by a fitting process. We found that the estimated model could explain and predict the distribution of multimeric nanoparticle clusters in terms of the ligand-linking efficiency and steric effect. Importantly, based on zeta potential measurement data, we have shown that the parameter values (εl, s) from the NSSEMBLE enable not only the prediction of the nanoparticle assembly distribution and yield but also provide physical, chemical, and mechanistic insights for multimeric nanoparticle assembly. The model provides quantitative and analytical information and insight into not only the formation of assembled nanostructures but also the molecular features of the ligands on the nanoparticles during the dynamic binding process.
In Chapter 3, we developed a single-particle heteronanostructure focusing on Fano resonance to maximize the near-field augmented in the single-particle intra-nanogap for SERS. Because a complex structural design is required to induce Fano resonance, related SERS studies are mainly conducted using top-down lithography or DNA origami-based assembly. However, such methods cannot create a uniform ~1 nm narrow gap, which limits the complete exploitation of the augmented near-field by Fano resonance and their applications as single-particle SERS tags. Here, we demonstrate how Fano resonance can considerably enhance SERS at the single-particle level with anisotropic intra-nanogap particles. Even with a 1.2 nW circularly polarized laser, we observed SERS signals at ~16% of the particles. Our results might contribute to the noise-free ultra-low sensitivity and fast detection and miniaturization of Raman equipment.