Adolescents have been able to experience financial consumers from an early age due to their birth into a digital era. The advent of digitization in the financial sector has emerged as a novel risk factor, as adolescents increasingly become financial c...
Adolescents have been able to experience financial consumers from an early age due to their birth into a digital era. The advent of digitization in the financial sector has emerged as a novel risk factor, as adolescents increasingly become financial consumers and, by extension, targets of financial consumer fraud. Consequently, the enhancement of financial capability among adolescents has emerged as a pressing issue.
The Financial Consumer Protection Act, enacted in March 2020, stipulates that the right to receive financial education is one of the basic rights of financial consumers, and since 2021, each city and provincial office of education has enacted ordinances on the promotion of financial education to enhance the financial capabilities of students, laying the foundation for strengthening the financial capabilities of young people.
However, South Korea's youth financial consumer policy is predominantly focused on the implementation of financial education, with a paucity of discussion on the higher goal of enhancing the financial capabilities of young people. Financial education can be defined as a means of developing financial capabilities, and it is essential that the goals and direction pursued through education are clearly defined. This is in contrast to the approach taken in other countries, where systematic research has been conducted over many years to identify the financial capabilities of young people. Based on this research, goals for financial education have been set and detailed implementation strategies have been established.
Conversely, in order to facilitate the enhancement of students' financial capabilities through financial education, it is imperative to comprehend the characteristics of adolescent learners, their environment, and their experiential learning. Despite the high demand for financial education, it has been demonstrated that adolescents do not feel the effects of such education, because of their limited understanding of the changing financial environment and their inexperience in financial matters.
The objective of this study is to understand the financial consumer experience of adolescents in the digital environment and, based on this, to identify the financial capability required of adolescents as current and future financial consumers. The present study examines how the macroeconomic and institutional contexts combine to influence financial consumer behaviour, and proposes a conceptual framework for understanding financial consumer experiences in the digital environment. Furthermore, the study identifies the financial capabilities required at each stage of adolescents' financial consumer experiences. In order to achieve the stated research objectives, in-depth interviews were conducted with adolescent participants, and with their consent, electronic files containing their financial record details were provided and used for analysis. The analysis was conducted using the qualitative research method of grounded theory, with open coding, selective coding, and theoretical coding applied in accordance with Glaser's grounded theory method.
The findings indicate that adolescents' financial consumer experiences are influenced by both macro-institutional and personal contexts. Furthermore, the study identifies the financial capabilities required for adolescents to become competent financial consumers in the future. The findings of this study can be used to develop financial education programmes for adolescents and to improve the quality of financial consumer experiences in the digital environment. The findings of this study can also be utilised.
Data analysis was conducted employing the grounded theory method, a qualitative research method. In accordance with Glazer's grounded theory method, the data was analysed in three stages: open coding, selective coding, and theoretical coding, with the objective of creating a model of adolescents' financial consumer experiences in the digital environment. Accordingly, a continuous process of comparison and analysis was initiated, encompassing the interview data and money diaries of the subjects under investigation.
The results of this study are as follows. In the digital environment, financial consumer experiences were categorized into a total of 10 categories, 28 subcategories, and 58 concepts, centered on the core category of “financial consumer experiences that began in the digital environment.” Adolescents who were born and brought up in the digital age entered the financial market as financial consumers at an early age without proper preparation due to lowered financial barriers and the emergence of financial platforms specifically for adolescents. As financial consumers, adolescents experienced the financial market as income earners, allowance managers, mobile payment users, savers, and investors. In the digital environment, the financial consumer experiences of youth varied in scope and frequency depending on the characteristics of adolescence and the personal characteristics. Through repeated trial and error in the process of becoming financial consumers, youth searched for financial information, communicated with family members, and acquired new knowledge through financial education at school. Through this process, youth prepared themselves to become independent and empowered financial consumers. In other words, youth were enhancing their financial capabilities through experience and preparing themselves functionally and psychologically based on their understanding of themselves. However, not many of the research participants were prepared to function independently in the financial market, and they showed concern and anxiety about financial independence or seemed satisfied with their limited financial life under the protection of their families. In the digital environment, teenagers' financial consumer experiences were divided into three stages: the financial market entry phase, the exploration phase, and the preparation phase for financial independence. The exploration phase was sometimes skipped or passed over lightly, depending on the individual.
Based on the financial experiences of adolescents as consumers, the financial capabilities required of them in a digital context were defined as 'the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to function safely and effectively as a financial consumer in the present, based on an understanding of finance and digital technology, in order to achieve financial well-being as an empowered and informed consumer in the future'. As current and future financial consumers, young consumers are required to understand the changing financial environment and utilise digital tools effectively to manage their financial resources. As adolescents' financial consumer experiences mainly take place in the digital environment, additional emphasis is placed on digital financial transaction capabilities, the critical evaluation and utilisation of information, and the identification, prevention and response to digital financial risks.
The following conclusions were drawn based on the results of the study. Firstly, the study suggests that it is important to create an environment in which adolescents can safely experience financial consumption in the digital environment as they function as financial consumers without having acquired the required capabilities. Secondly, the study suggests that adolescents functioning as financial consumers in the digital age require financial capabilities related to their current experiences as consumers. The shift to the digital environment has not changed the fundamental role of financial consumers. However, as they are engaging with financial services at an earlier age, existing financial management capabilities remain essential and have become even more important. Digital capabilities and the ability to use digital tools are also required. Thirdly, although adolescence is classified as a single life stage, adolescents' experiences as financial consumers can be divided into three distinct phases. It was observed that even the same financial behavior exhibits differences in decision-making processes and response outcomes depending on the phase. This means that the content and methods for developing financial capabilities effectively differ at each stage, suggesting that efforts should be made to cultivate financial capabilities in consideration of the developmental stages and financial consumer experiences of adolescents.
The policy recommendations derived from the results and conclusions of this study are as follows. First, financial authorities should consider adolescents as current consumers and create an environment where they can safely engage in financial consumer experiences in the digital domain. Second, the priority of financial consumer policies targeting adolescents should be the enhancement of financial consumer capability, and the content of financial education should be structured based on a consensus regarding the financial capability required of adolescents in the digital environment. Third, the government should establish a system to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of financial consumer education programs targeting adolescents. Second, the priority of financial consumer policies targeting youth should be the improvement of financial capabilities, and to this end, financial education content should be developed based on a consensus on the financial capabilities required of youth in the digital environment. Third, a community-based approach involving schools, families, and local communities is necessary to improve the financial capabilities of youth in the digital environment. As financial consumer experiences begin at an early age, the role of the family becomes even more important, so financial consumer policies that support the roles of not only schools but also families and communities should be implemented. Fourth, in order to systematically develop the financial capabilities of young people, institutional improvements to education policies are necessary to enable basic and essential financial education, such as 'survival class', to be provided in schools. Fifth, the digital transformation of finance is creating a regulatory vacuum in financial consumer protection, so it is necessary to identify the current status of unsupervised financial services used by young people in the financial market, identify risk factors, and establish relevant policy guidelines.
The following are recommendations for education. The home is the first place where young people experience financial life and serves as a secure base, exerting a significant influence on their attitudes and values as financial consumers. It is important to encourage teenagers to share their financial experiences at home and to support them in acquiring desirable attitudes and confidence as financial consumers by engaging in a process of collaborative response when financial consumer issues arise. Schools need to provide education that enables students to systematically learn the essential financial knowledge and skills that financial consumers must be equipped with in their daily lives. In particular, as digital capabilities are emphasized, financial education should include education on the effective use of digital financial tools, digital financial transactions, critical evaluation and utilization of digital financial information, and identification of and response to digital financial risks.
This study is significant in that it shifts the perspective to view adolescents as participants in the current financial market. The model utilised to elucidate the subject is predicated on empirical evidence, and thus provides a robust foundation upon which to build a comprehensive understanding of adolescents' financial consumer experiences in the digital environment. Furthermore, by identifying the underlying meanings of adolescents' financial behaviour, it is possible to expand our understanding of adolescents as financial consumers. Secondly, research on youth as financial consumers has historically concentrated on financial education, surveys, and consumer behaviour. However, this study is noteworthy in its identification of the overarching objective of financial capabilities and its proposal of the trajectory that policies for youth financial consumers should follow. Despite the fact that research has been conducted to understand the financial consumer experiences of adolescents in the digital environment, which had not been studied previously, it was insufficient to capture the financial consumer experiences of adolescents in the digital domain in detail. This indicates that adolescents have become increasingly active financial consumers in the digital environment. It is anticipated that this study will serve as a pivotal foundation for shifting the perspective of adolescents as current financial consumers and comprehending the broader contextual framework.