가톨릭 십자가의 토착화 디자인 가능성 탐구

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 제2차 바티칸 공의회의 토착화 정신을 토대로 가톨릭 십자가의 토착화 디자인 가능성을 탐색한 후, 그 활용 방향을 제시하는 것이다.
제2차 바티칸 공의회에서 가르치는 토착화란 가톨릭 중심의 사상 안에서 외래 사상인 그리스도교를 한국의 문화적 상황에 파종한다는 의미로 해석할 수 있다.
가톨릭 십자가는 가톨릭교회의 토착화 주제로써 그리스도의 역사와 함께 다양한 형태로 발전되어 오늘에 이르고 있다. 그러나 우리나라 가톨릭 성물시장에서 판매되고 있는 대부분의 십자가는 서양의 것을 그대로 모방하여 사용하고 있는 실정이다.
본 논문에서는 한국 가톨릭 십자가의 유형특성 및 문제점 분석을 위해 현재 국내․ 외 성물시장에서 판매되고 있는 십자가 가운데 각각 100개의 샘플을 선정하였다. 유형특성을 분석하고 문제점을 찾고, 토착화 십자가 사례를 통해 시사점을 도출하였다.
이상의 내용을 통해 얻은 결론은 정신문화로 말할 수 있는 무형적 요소와 물질문화를 대변하는 유형적 요소가 합성되어야 토착화를 이룰 수 있다는 것이다.
이에 본 논문은 가톨릭 십자가에 반영된 효를 무형적․ 유형적 특성으로 나누어 살펴보고 토착화 가능성에 대한 활용가능성 탐구로써 다음과 같은 의의가 있다. 무엇보다도 서구적 전통의 재현이 아닌 한국 가톨릭교회의 역사적 경험을 중심으로 재창조하려는 노력이며, 종전의 십자 문양 구조를 ‘효’라는 키워드로 재구성하여 한국 가톨릭교회만의 새로운 관점으로 토착화 한 것이다. 본 논문에서는 효를 중심으로 가톨릭 십자가의 토착화 가능성만을 제시했지만, 이는 서구 가톨릭교회와의 차별성을 지닌 한국 가톨릭 토착화 디자인 개발의 발판이 될 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This thesis is to exploring the possibility of inculturation design of the Catholic Cross based on spirit of the 2nd Vatican Council, and to suggest the direction of utilization of it.

As today globalization has been spread, people are more and more interested in their own traditional culture and history. Along with this flow of the times, each country in the world is carrying out works of inculturation in the forms of cultural industry or cultural contents industry and religion is not an exception. The Korean Catholic Church is actively researching and discussing on how it can realize the inculturation spirit of the 2nd Vatican Council in this land in various ways.
The inculturation the 2nd Vatican Council teaches may be interpreted as sowing of Christianity, a foreign idea in the cultural situation in Catholic-centered thought. In other words, as based on Korean cultural field, the identity of Catholic Church is established and the truth is established and rooted lives of Korean nation in full as if it looks like a religion which had been generated in Korean traditional culture since long ago.
The subject of this thesis is Catholic the Cross. The Catholic the Cross can be said to be a history of inculturation. Since Christianity was formed, the Cross has been inculturated as a concrete symbol of God's mercy and salvation in a variety of forms depending on the time and region. In this point of view, the Cross has been developed to be a theme of inculturation of Catholic Church with Christian history in various shapes until now. However the Cross sold in the Korean Catholic sacred treasure market are that of the West.

This thesis selected 100 samples out of the Cross currently sold in domestic and overseas markets to analyze the characteristics and problems of the Korean Catholic the Cross. The characteristics and problems of the Korean Catholic the Cross in the analysis can be divided into three:
First, while a number of shapes are designed with various styles combined into overseas Catholic the Cross, there is no variation in domestic one, following the basic style of the Crosses of each kind except for Latin the Cross.
Second, the types of the Korean Catholic the Cross are mostly classical and decorative traditional one. the Crosses that have been incultured has Korea's unique shape however since they are manufactured by a few Catholic artists only, the design is uniform and they are made as work of art so it is difficult to draw believers' piety with them.
Third, while overseas Catholic the Cross are designed in a variety of types with combination of different symbols, the symbols of the Korean Catholic the Cross are too character-centered and use traditional Catholic symbol intactly so there is no inculturation.

This thesis takes examples of Ethiopian Lalibella the Cross and Prague St. Nepomuk the Cross to explore the possibility of inculturation of the Catholic the Cross. The implications of the examples can be broadly divided into three:
First, the inculturation of the Cross may be achieved by symbolicizing traditional culture and lifestyle. And as there is saying ‘The most Korean is global,’ being incultured implies the possibility of globalization.
Second, in the Korean Catholic Church, the implements of torture for martyrs that had been used for confession and prosecution also the most representative symbolic elements of the inculturation of the Korean Catholic the Cross.
Third, the Cross has both the meaning of traditional culture and modernity. The Cross that contains history and culture reveals the spirit of the times along with the message of Salvation: e.g. we may express our situation as the only divided country in the world in the Cross.

The conclusion from the above discussion is that inculturation can be achieved by synthesizing invisible elements that may be said to be spiritual culture and visible ones that represent material culture. So this thesis suggested the direction of utilization for the inculturation design of the Catholic Cross as follows:

First, it suggested a possibility of inculturation design of the Catholic Cross through filial duty, the ough fiof the national culture of Korea and the filial piety(Hyo Sinang) in the late Joseon Catholic Church. This is becaof thhe filial piety that flows ataf lessly in the Korean Catholic believers is the nature the ancestors of the belief hav the Catholicly posse ancestin the same vein with God'anLove cestJe of'anSpirit of Self-sacrifice, the most important meanings of the symbol of the Cross.
Second, filial duty acts as a ‘bridge’ between the Cross and our nation. The representative visible/invisible elements through which we can fine this aspect of filial duty is sacred place. Studies on sacred place suggest important information about the setting of direction of design for the inculturation of the Catholic Cross. Having reinterpreted filial duty of Confucianism and sublimated into Christian belief became the empirical data of the inculturation history of the Korean Catholicism and the customs, punishment and martyrdom stories at the time became the unique inculturation elements of the Korean Catholic Church.
Third, the Korean Catholic Church that pays attention to inculturation attempts to talk to other religions with the will to interest in the national culture. In this sense, through the utilization of the talisman belief and fortune-seeking belief accepted to the Korean Catholic Church, it suggested a possibility of design of the inculturation of the Catholic Cross.

This thesis examined the filial duty reflected on the Catholic Cross dividing into visible and invisible characteristics and inquired on the possibility of utilization for inculturation, which has the following significance. Most of all, it is an effort to recreate the Cross focusing on the historical experience of the Korean Catholic Church not a representation of the Western tradition, and an example of inculturation from a new perspective of the Korean Catholic Church only by reconstructing the existing cross design structure with the keyword of ‘filial duty(Hyo).’ This thesis suggested the possibility of inculturation of the Catholic Cross only centering around filial duty however this will be a footing for the development of the inculturation design of the Korean Catholicism differentiated from the Western Catholic Church.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목 차
• Ⅰ. 서론
• 1. 연구 배경과 목적
• 2. 연구 범위와 방법
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경
• 1. 제2차 바티칸 공의회의 토착화 이해
• 2. 한국 가톨릭교회의 토착화 고찰
• 3. 가톨릭 성물의 이해
• 4. 가톨릭 십자가의 이해
• Ⅲ. 가톨릭 십자가의 토착화를 위한 현황분석
• 1. 가톨릭 십자가의 분류 및 분석
• 2. 가톨릭 십자가의 토착화 사례 및 시사점
• Ⅳ. 가톨릭 십자가의 토착화 디자인 요소
• 1. 무형적 상징요소
• 2. 유형적 상징요소
• Ⅴ. 가톨릭 십자가의 토착화 디자인 방향
• 1. 유형 분석에 따른 가톨릭 십자가의 토착화 디자인 방향
• 2. 한국 가톨릭교회에 수용된 민간신앙 요소의 활용
• Ⅵ. 결론 및 향후 연구과제
• 참 고 문 헌