Radio and televison systems in Europe

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• EUROPEAN SECTION = 21
• European Legal Framework for the Media = 23
• 1. Introduction = 24
• 2. European Media Regulation = 25
• 2.1. The EC Treaty as a Legal Framework = 25
• 2.2. Directives and Regulations in the Media Field = 30
• 2.3. Specific Rulings by European Authorities in the Media Sector = 33
• 3. Other European Union and Council of Europe Activities Concerning Media and Telecommunications Policy = 37
• 3.1. European Union Activities = 37
• 3.2. Council of Europe Activities = 38
• 4. Constitutional Aspects of European Media Regulation = 39
• 4.1. The "Maastricht Decision" of the German Constitutional Court = 39
• 4.2. The German Constitutional Court's Verdict on the "Television without Frontiers" Directive = 69
• Main Features of and Legal Issues Relating to the International Information Order = 41
• 1. The Dynamism of Information Technology and its Impact on International Law = 41
• 2. Players in the International Information Order = 42
• 3. History, Concept and Legal Foundations of the International Information Order = 43
• 3.1 History = 43
• 3.2 The Concept of the International Information Order = 43
• 3.3 Summary of Legal Foundations = 44
• 4. The International Information Order in the Context of Deregulation and Opening of New Markets : Individual Regulations in International Business Law = 45
• 4.1. The General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS) - General Aspects = 45
• 4.2. GATS and Telecommunications = 46
• 4.3. WTO／GATT and Trade in Information Technology Products = 47
• 4.4. Electronic Commerce = 47
• 5. State Control or a Liberal Information Order : Various Approaches to Regulating the Free Flow of Information = 50
• 5.1. Guaranteeing Freedom as a Starting Point = 50
• 5.2. Is Cultural Protection a Legitimate Reason for Restriction? = 51
• 5.3. Legal Aspects of the Use of Outer Space = 52
• 5.4. Use of the Internet - State Regulation or Self-Regulation? = 52
• 6. Outlook = 52
• Opportunities and Risks in the Global Media Market. Strategies of the Major Players in the Media, Telecommunications and Information Technology Sectors = 55
• 1. Introduction = 55
• 2. Categories Used in the Analysis = 55
• 3. The Strategies of the Major Media Companies : Latest Trends = 56
• 3.1. Time Warner Inc. = 56
• 3.2. Walt Disney Company = 57
• 3.3. Bertelsmann AG = 57
• 3.4. Viacom Inc. = 58
• 3.5. News Corporation Ltd. = 58
• 3.6. Interim Findings = 59
• 4. Strategies of Selected Competitors = 59
• 4.1. Telecommunications Companies = 59
• 4.2. Information Technology Companies = 61
• 5. Conclusion and Outlook for the Future = 63
• NATIONAL MONOGRAPHIES = 67
• AT - Radio and Television Systems in Austria = 69
• 1. History and Organisation of Broadcasting = 69
• 1.1. The Early Years = 69
• 1.2. Radio as an Instrument of the Government = 69
• 1.3. Reconstruction after 1945 = 69
• 1.4. Referendum on Broadcasting - 1964 = 70
• 1.5. Legal Bases = 70
• 2. The $$\ddot O$$sterreichische Rundfunkgesellschaft(ORF) = 74
• 2.1. Finance = 75
• 2.2. Programming and Consumption = 75
• 3. Discussion of Broadcasting Policy = 78
• 4. Bibliographical References = 81
• 5. Address = 81
• BE - Radio and Television Systems in Belgium = 83
• 1. National Characteristics = 83
• 2. Historical Outline of the Broadcasting Sector = 83
• 3. The Broadcasting System in the Flemish Community = 84
• 3.1. The Broadcasting Institutions in the Flemish Community : Legal Framework, Financing and Programming = 84
• 3.2. Changes Concerning the Flemish Regulatory Body = 88
• 3.3. New Developments = 88
• 4. The Broadcasting System in the French Community = 89
• 4.1. Television = 89
• 4.2. Radio = 91
• 4.3. Regulatory Bodies = 92
• 5. The Broadcasting System in the German Speaking Community = 93
• 6. Professional Organisations = 93
• 7. Addresses = 93
• BG - Radio and Television System in Bulgaria = 95
• 1. History and Organisation of the Broadcasting System = 95
• 2. Legal Developments in the Media = 96
• 3. Television = 97
• 4. Radio = 98
• 5. Future Developments = 99
• 6. Bibliographical References = 100
• 7. Addresses = 100
• CH - Radio and Televisions System in Switzerland = 101
• 1. Historical Development and Legislative Bases = 101
• 1.1. Historical Development = 101
• 1.2. Legal Bases = 102
• 2. Organisation and Finance = 104
• 2.1. Organisation = 104
• 2.2. Finance = 105
• 3. Programming and Consumption = 106
• 3.1. Programming = 106
• 3.2. Consumption = 106
• 4. Development Trends = 107
• 4.1. Current Problems = 107
• 4.2. Structural Problems = 108
• 5. Bibliographical References = 109
• 6. Addresses = 109
• CY - Radio and Television System in Cyprus = 111
• 1. Historical Development = 111
• 2. Legal Bases = 111
• 3. Public Service Broadcasting = 113
• 4. Private Broadcasting = 113
• 4.1. Radio = 113
• 4.2. Television = 113
• 5. Future Developments and Problems = 115
• 6. Bibliographical References = 115
• 7. Addresses = 116
• CZ - Radio and Television System in the Czech Republic = 117
• 1. Histroy of Broadcasting up until 1992 = 117
• 2. Legal Bases After 1993 = 117
• 3. Broadcasters in the Czech Republic = 118
• 3.1. Radio = 118
• 3.2. Television = 119
• 4. New Media = 120
• 5. Bibliographical References = 122
• 6. Addresses = 122
• DE - The Radio and Television Systems in Germany = 123
• 1. The Broadcasting System in the Federal Republic of Germany = 123
• 1.1. Development and Structure of Broadcasting in the Federal Republic = 123
• 1.2. The Development of Broadcasting in the DDR and its Role in German Reunification = 124
• 1.3. Legal Bases = 124
• 2. Organisation and Financing = 125
• 2.1. Public-Service Broadcasting = 125
• 2.2. Supervision of Private Broadcasting = 125
• 2.3. Private Operators = 126
• 2.4. The Economic Situation of Broadcasting = 127
• 3. Distribution Routes and Provision = 128
• 3.1. Distribution Routes = 128
• 3.2. Programme Provision of Public-Service Agencies = 128
• 3.3. Programme Provision of Commercial and Non-Commercial Agencies = 129
• 4. Consumption of the Media = 130
• 4.1. Equipment of Households and Comparative Consumption of Media ; Long-Term Develoment = 130
• 4.2. Consumption of Television = 131
• 4.3. Consumption of Radio = 133
• 4.4. Use of Digital Electronic Media = 133
• 5. New Developments = 134
• 5.1. General trends = 134
• 5.2. The Digital Television Market = 134
• 5.3. Problems in Regulation and Media Policy = 134
• 5.4. Public Representation = 135
• 6. Bibliographical References = 136
• 7. Addresses = 136
• DK - The Radio and Television System in Denmark = 139
• 1. Introduction = 139
• 2. Historical Development = 139
• 2. Development of the Danish Broadcasting System = 140
• 2.1. Danmarks Radio(DR) = 141
• 2.2. TV2-The Second Television Channel = 141
• 2.3. Television = 142
• 2.4. Radio = 144
• 3. Internet = 145
• 4. Prospects = 146
• 5. Bibliographical References = 147
• 6. Addresses = 147
• EE - The Radio and Television System in Estonia = 149
• 1. Historical Development = 149
• 1.1. Radio = 149
• 1.2. Television = 150
• 2. Organisation and Legal Basis = 151
• 3. Financing and Ownership Conditions = 151
• 4. Programing and Consumption = 152
• 4.1. Radio = 152
• 4.2. Television = 153
• 5. Distribution of the Internet = 154
• 6. Current Outlook = 155
• 7. Bibliographical References = 155
• 8. Addresses = 156
• ES - The Radio and Television System in Spain : An Uncertain Horizon = 157
• 1. Historical Development = 157
• 2. The Organisation and Financing of Radio and Television = 157
• 3. The Supply and Demand of Programmes = 159
• 4. Statellite Television = 156
• 5. Cable Television = 157
• 6. Radio Channels = 158
• 7. Development Trends = 159
• 8. Bibliographical References = 160
• 9. Addresses = 160
• FI - The Radio and Television System in Finland = 161
• 1. Introduction = 161
• 2. Legislation = 161
• 3. The Financing System of Public Service Broadcasting = 161
• 4. The Broadcasting System at National Level = 162
• 5. Local and Semi-national Radio Operations = 163
• 6. Radio Listening = 164
• 7. Television Programming and Viewing = 164
• 8. Digital Audio Broadcasting(DAB) and Digital Terrestrial Television(DVB) = 166
• 9. Internet and Mobile Phones = 166
• 10. Bibliographical References = 167
• 11. Addresses = 167
• FR - The Radio and Television System in France = 169
• 1. The Legal System for Broadcasting in France : Historical Landmarks = 169
• 2. An Ever-present History = 170
• 3. Practices of the Audiovisual Media and Programme Provision = 171
• 4. Very Up-to-date Stakes = 174
• 5. Bibliographical References = 176
• 6. Addresses = 176
• GB - The Radio and Television System in Great Britain = 179
• 1. Introduction = 179
• 2. Historical Development = 180
• 3. Legislative Bases = 180
• 4. Organisational Structures and the Development of British Broadcasting = 181
• 5. Pressures on British Broadcasting during the 1980s = 182
• 6. First Steps Towards the "New Media" = 183
• 7. The Reform of ITV = 183
• 8. The Reform of British Media Ownership Rules = 185
• 9. The Next Step Towards the "New Media" : Digital Television = 187
• 10. The Fifth Terrestrial Channel = 188
• 11. The Future of the BBC = 188
• 12. Broadcasting Regulation in the Era of "Convergence" = 189
• 13. An Early Announcement of a Sw／TCh-off Date for Analogue Broadcasting? = 190
• 14. The Internet = 191
• 15. Bibliographical References = 192
• 16. Addresses = 192
• GR - Radio and Television System in Greece = 193
• 1. Historical Developments in Broadcasting = 193
• 2. Legal Framework of the Broadcasting System in Greece = 193
• 2.1. Private Radio and Television = 193
• 2.2. Public Service Broadcasting = 195
• 3. Use of Channels = 195
• 3.1. Television = 195
• 3.2. Radio = 196
• 4. Radio & Television Advertising = 197
• 5. Internet = 199
• 6. Latest Developments = 199
• 7. Bibliographical References = 200
• 8. Addresses = 200
• HU - Radio and Television System in Hungray = 201
• 1. The Development of the Dual Broadcasting System in Hungary = 201
• 2. The Media Act = 201
• 3. The Privatisation of Television = 202
• 4. Competition Between New and Old Television Companies = 202
• 5. The Privatisation of Radio = 203
• 6. Competition in the Radio Sector = 204
• 7. Trends in the Cable Industry = 204
• 8. Available Channels = 205
• 9. Bibliographical References = 206
• 10. Addresses = 206
• IE - Radio and Television System in Ireland = 207
• 1. Historical Development and Legislative Bases = 207
• 1.1. Public Service Broadcasting = 207
• 1.2. Private Broadcasting = 207
• 1.3. Latest Developments = 208
• 1.4. Differences Between Private and Public Service Broadcasters = 209
• 2. Organisation and Finance = 209
• 2.1. Media Cross-Ownership = 210
• 2.2. Foreign Involvement in Irish Media = 211
• 3. Programming and Consumption = 211
• 3.1. Television = 211
• 3.2. Radio = 212
• 4. Future Trends = 213
• 5. Ireland and Europe = 214
• 6. Bibliographical References = 215
• 7. Addresses = 215
• IS - The Radio and Television System in Iceland = 217
• 1. Introduction = 217
• 2. Organisation and Financing = 217
• 3. Programme Offer = 220
• 4. Trends of Development = 221
• 5. Bibliographical References = 222
• 6. Addresses = 222
• IT - The Radio and Television System in Italy = 223
• 1. Introduction = 223
• 2. The Development of the Broadcasting System = 223
• 2.1. Public Broadcasting = 223
• 2.2. Private Broadcasting = 224
• 3. Structures, Organizations and Sources of Finance = 225
• 3.1. Public Broadcasting(RAI) = 225
• 3.2. Private Broadcasting(R.T.I. - Mediaset) = 226
• 3.3. Digital Pay-TV(Telepi$$grave u$$ and Stream) the Company = 226
• 4. Programming and Audience = 227
• 4.1. Television = 227
• 4.2. Radio = 227
• 5. Trends of Development = 228
• 6. Bibliographical References = 228
• 7. Addresses = 228
• LT - The Radio and Television System in Lithuania = 229
• 1. Brief Historical Survey of the Development of Broadcasting = 229
• 2. Legal Bases = 230
• 3. Programme Provision and Consumption = 230
• 3.1. Radio = 230
• 3.2. Television = 231
• 4. Growth of the Internet = 232
• 5. Current Perspectives = 232
• 6. Bibliographical References = 233
• 7. Addresses = 233
• LU - The Radio and Television System in Luxembourg = 235
• Introduction = 235
• 1. Legal Bases = 235
• 2. The Structure of the Broadcasters = 237
• 2.1. CLT／UFA = 237
• 2.2. Other Providers = 238
• 3. Future Trends = 239
• 4. Bibliographical References = 240
• 5. Addresses = 240
• LV - The Radio and Television System in Latvia = 241
• 1. The Historical Development of Broadcasting = 241
• 2. Legal Bases = 243
• 3. Programme Provision and Consumption = 244
• 3.1. Basic Data = 244
• 3.2. Radio = 244
• 3.3. Television = 245
• 4. Bibliographical References = 247
• 5. Addresses = 247
• MK - The Radio and Television System in "the former Yogoslav Republic of Macedonia" between 1991-1999 = 249
• 1. Historical Background = 249
• 2. Legal Bases = 249
• 3. Organisation and Financing of the Electronic Media = 250
• 4. Media and Monorities = 251
• 5. Programming and Consumption = 251
• 6. Future Trends = 252
• 7. Bibliographical References = 253
• 8. Addresses = 253
• MT - The Radio and Television in Malta on the Eva of the Millennium = 255
• Introduction = 255
• 1. Developments in Maltese Broadcasting = 255
• 2. Constitutional Provisions on Broadcasting = 256
• 3. Coping with Change : Private Broadcasters Boom = 257
• 4. Small Nation, Big Neighbour = 258
• 5. Political Broadcasting = 259
• 6. The Public Sector Revisited = 260
• 7. The Private Sector Revisited = 260
• 7.1. Cable Television = 261
• 8. Foreign Broadcasting = 261
• 9. Addresses = 262
• NL - The Radio and Television System in Netherlands = 263
• Introduction = 263
• 1. Historical Development of Public Service Broadcasting = 263
• 2. Legal Bases = 264
• 3. The Rise of a Private Broadcasting = 265
• 4. Constant Amendments to the Media Act = 266
• 4.1. Liberalisation Policy = 267
• 4.2. Recent Developments = 267
• 5. The Broadcasting Scene Today = 267
• 5.1. Television = 267
• 5.2. (Independent) Programme Production = 269
• 5.3. Cable = 269
• 5.4. Pay-TV = 270
• 5.5. Radio = 271
• 6. Current Issues = 271
• 7. Bibliographical References = 273
• 8. Addresses = 273
• NO - The Radio and Television System in Norway = 275
• Introduction = 275
• 1. Historical and Legal Framework = 275
• 1.1. NRK 1933-99 = 275
• 1.2. The New Broadcasting Order = 275
• 1.3. The New Services = 276
• 2. Broadcasting Today - An Overview Over Channels and Programming = 276
• 2.1. National Terrestrial Radio = 276
• 2.2. National Terrestrial Television = 277
• 2.3. Satellite and Cable Channels = 279
• 3. Trends and Issues = 279
• 4. Internet and Online Services = 280
• 5. Bibliographical References = 281
• 6. Addresses = 281
• PL - The Radio and Television System in Poland = 283
• 1. The Legal Bases of Broadcasting = 283
• 2. The National Broadcasting Council = 283
• 3. Programme Requirements = 284
• 4. Private Broadcasting = 284
• 4.1. Private Television = 285
• 4.2. Private Radio = 285
• 5. Public Service Broadcasting = 285
• 6. Development of Cable Satellite Channels = 286
• 7. Information Services = 286
• 8. Bibliographical References = 287
• 9. Addresses = 287
• PT - The Radio and Television System in Portugal = 289
• 1. Historical Development = 289
• 2. Legislative Bases = 291
• 3. Structure and Financing = 291
• 3.1. Radio = 291
• 3.2. Television = 292
• 4. Programme Content and Consumption = 293
• 4.1. Radio = 293
• 4.2. Television = 293
• 5. Trends of Development = 294
• 6. Bibliographical References = 296
• 7. Addresses = 296
• RO - The Broadcasting System in Romania = 297
• 1. Historical Development = 297
• 2. Legal Bases = 297
• 3. Organisation of Broadcasting = 298
• 3.1. Public Service Broadcasting = 298
• 3.2. Private Broadcasting = 298
• 4. Advertising on Television and Radio = 300
• 5. Outlook = 300
• 6. Bibliographical References = 301
• 7. Addresses = 301
• RU - The Radio and Television System in the Russian Federation = 303
• Introduction = 303
• 1. Legal Bases for the Electronic Media in Russia = 303
• 1.1. Organisational Framework for Broadcasting Licensing = 305
• 1.2. Structural Development of the Central Broadcasting Bodies = 305
• 1.3. Formation of the EPTK = 307
• 1.4. Regional State Broadcasting Stations = 308
• 1.5. Integration of the Economy, Politics and Media = 308
• 1.6. Restrictions on the Work of the Media and Journalistic Freedom = 311
• 2. Television = 311
• 2.1. Channels and Programme Provision = 311
• 2.2. The Satellite Networks = 312
• 2.3. Consumption and impact = 313
• 3. Radio = 314
• 3.1. Channel Provision = 314
• 3.2. Consumption and impact = 315
• 4. Advertising = 316
• 5. Direct Satellite Television, Cable TV and Pay-TV = 317
• 5.1. Direct Satellite Reception = 317
• 5.2. Cable Television = 318
• 5.3. Pay TV = 318
• 6. Video Market and Video Piracy, Copyright and Computer Crime = 318
• 7. Russia Online(Internet Access and Use in Russia) = 319
• 7.1. Internet Use in Russia - Quantitative Data = 319
• 7.2. Technical infrastructure = 320
• 7.3. Spread of E-mail = 320
• 7.4. Qualitative Analysis of Users = 320
• 7.5. Runet information Sources and their Use = 321
• 7.6. Search Engines = 322
• 7.7. Times of Use = 322
• 7.8. Turnover of Internet Services = 323
• 8. Addresses = 323
• SE - The Radio and Television System of Sweden on the Threshold of Digital Broadcasting = 327
• 1. Public Service Monopoly : 1925-1979 = 327
• 1.1. Cable and Satellite Television = 327
• 1.2. The Commercialisation of National Television = 328
• 1.3. The Commercialisation of Local Radio = 328
• 2. Co-existence of the Various Forms of Organisation and Financing in Broadcasting = 328
• 2.1. Public Service Television(SVT) = 328
• 2.2. Commercial Television = 330
• 2.3. Public Service Radio(SR) = 332
• 2.4. Commercial Radio = 333
• 3. Challenges for Media Policy by the Turn of the Century = 333
• 3.1. Digital Terrestrial Television(DTT) = 333
• 3.2. Digital Private Radio = 334
• 4. Conclusion = 335
• 5. Bibliographical References = 335
• 6. Addresses = 335
• SI - The Radio and Television System in Slovenia : 1999 - A Year of Merging = 337
• 1. Legal Bases = 337
• 2. Organisation of Broadcasting = 338
• 2.1. Television = 338
• 2.2. Radio = 340
• 3. Internet = 340
• 4. Trends = 340
• 5. Bibliographical References = 341
• 6. Addresses = 341
• SK - Radio and Television System in the Slovak Republic = 343
• 1. Latest Developments = 343
• 1.1. Political Development = 343
• 1.2. Changes in Media Legislation = 343
• 2. The Broadcasting System - Structure and Organisation = 344
• 2.1. Radio = 344
• 2.2. Television = 346
• 2.3. Cable and Satellite TV = 348
• 3. Bibliographical References = 349
• 4. Addresses = 349
• TR - The Radio and Television System in Turkey = 351
• 1. Recent History = 351
• 1.1. The Breakdown of the Monopoly = 351
• 1.2. The New Regulation of Broadcasting = 351
• 2. The Present Structure of Broadcasting = 352
• 2.1. Public Service Broadcasting = 352
• 2.2. Private Broadcasting = 353
• 2.3. The Economics of Private Broadcasting = 353
• 3. Programming = 354
• 4. Audience Measurement = 354
• 5. Cable Television = 355
• 6. Satellite Broadcasting = 355
• 7. Internet = 355
• 8. Addresses = 356