대학 수업에서 학습자 질문과정과 저해요인 탐색 연구

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구의 목적은 대학 수업에서 학습자 질문과정과 이를 저해하는 요인들을 분석하는 것이다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 연구자는 서울에 소재한 4년제 2개 대학과 3년제 1개 대학, 총 3개 대학의 학습자 210명을 대상으로 빈도분석, 기술통계, 상관분석, 구조방정식을 활용하여 결과를 분석하였다. 첫째, 대학 수업에서 학습자들은 마음속에 생성된 질문이 존재함에도 불구하고, 교수자에게 질문을 거의 하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 대학 교수-학습 상황에서 학습자들의 인지적 갈등(CC)은 마음속에 생성된 질문(HQ)에 정적인 영향을 주었으며, 학습자의 마음속에 생성된 질문(HQ)은 금지와 주저함(IH)과 실제 질문행동(AQ)에 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 대학 교수-학습 상황에서 학습자 질문에 교수자 지지(PTSQ)와 환경적 지지(PESQ)가 높을수록 금지와 주저함(IH)이 감소하여 실제 질문행동(AQ)에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 대학 수업에서 학습자 질문행동을 촉진하기 위한 논의와 시사점을 제시하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study was started from critical mind of necessity on counseling marketing. The concept of marketing has been changed as time passes. Now the concept and principles of marketing is adapted to service area in non profit organization. In counseling, marketing research and practice aren"t activated in comparison with social work and mental health services. The discussion of counseling marketing was begun from the middle of 1980"s when the budge of counseling services was reduced. In Korea, the necessity of counseling marketing has been issued, but it is hard to find the researches on marketing counseling. The present study was conducted to review researches on marketing counseling and to activate future studies. Research question was as followed: First, why is necessary marketing in counseling services? Second, what are research topics of marketing in counseling services? Third, what are research tasks of marketing in counseling services in the future? Results of review the researches on marketing of counseling services abroad was as followed: First, the necessity of marketing in counseling services could be summarized three aspects: counselor, counseling institution, client. Second, research topics of marketing in counseling services could be summarized as the counseling consumer(client), the marketing assessment instrument in counseling services, the method of marketing in counseling services. Third, future research tasks of marketing in counseling services was suggested: the researches on necessity of marketing in counseling services. the consumer of counseling, the pricing of counseling, the process analysis of counseling services, the effective advertising, the marketing education of counselors. Lastly, the restriction and meaning of this study was discussed.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 논문 요약
• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 연구 방법
• Ⅲ. 연구결과 및 논의
• Ⅳ. 결론 및 제언
• 참고문헌
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 류지헌, "학습자 질문 생성에 영향을 주는 요인탐색" 30 : 109-129, 2007

2 김진만, "학생의 열과 온도 개념변화에 있어서 인지방략적 질문의 역할" 서울대학교 대학원 1995

3 양미경, "질문의 교육적 의미와 그 연구과제" 서울대학교 대학원 1992

4 양미경, "질문 창출 노력의 교육적 의의와 한계" 한국열린교육학회 15 (15): 1-20, 2007

5 정영란, "질문 강화 수업이 중학생들의 질문 수준과 학업 성취도에 미치는 영향" 한국과학교육학회 22 (22): 872-881, 2002

6 박철웅, "지리교사의 발문 실태와 효율적 발문 전략에 관한 연구" 한국지리환경교육학회 12 (12): 149-168, 2004

7 김대식, "전통적 수업에 의한 중학교 학생들의 과학개념 변화" 13 (13): 100-120, 1993

8 김은숙, "전문인의 물리문제 풀이 방략 가시화 연습을 통한 대학생의 질문 향상에 관한연구" 서울대학교 대학원 2000

9 김정자, "불일치 상황 제시 수업에서 나타난 고등학생 질문 분석" 한국교원대학교 대학원 2001

10 박완희, "대학의 수업환경 비교․분석" 10 (10): 197-233, 1996

11 임호용, "대학 교양수업에서 교수자 발문행동에 대한 분석연구" 26 (26): 129-148, 2010

12 홍세희, "구조방정식모형으로 논문 쓰기" 커뮤니케이션북스 2009

13 홍세희, "구조방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거" 19 : 161-178, 2000

14 정미경, "교원양성교육에서의 좋은 수업에 대한 예비교사의 인식" 한국교육과정학회 25 (25): 247-264, 2007

15 권낙원, "교수유형(teaching styles) 분석을 위한 준거 탐색" 한국교육과정학회 22 (22): 75-100, 2004

16 이성호, "교수방법론" 학지사 2004

17 임선빈, "교사의 인지적 발문이 학업성취에 미치는 영향 I" 14 : 141-162, 1996

18 정민수, "과학영재 수업에서 교사의 발문과 피드백 실태분석-서울대 과학영재교육센터 수업사례 관찰-" 한국과학교육학회 27 (27): 666-678, 2007

19 Toledo,C.A, "“Does your dog bite?" Creating good questions for online discussion" 18 (18): 150-154, 2006

20 Michelle,C, "What can we learn from students' question?" 34 (34): 101-106, 2001

21 Ajzen, I., "Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior" Prentice Hall 1980

22 Sellappah S, "The use of questioning strategies by clinical teachers" 28 (28): 142-148, 1998

23 Phillips, N, "The questioning skills of clinical teachers and preceptors: a comparative study" 33 (33): 523-529, 2001

24 Dillon,J.T, "The practice of questioning" Routledge 1990

25 Buseri,J.C, "The influence of culture on pupils' questioning habits in Nigerian secondary schools" 9 (9): 579-584, 1987

26 Barlow, A, "The impact of problem posing on elementary teachers’ beliefs about mathematics and mathematics teaching" 106 : 64-73, 2006

27 Scardamalia, M, "Text-based and knowledge-based questioning by children" 9 (9): 177-199, 1992

28 홍세희, "Testing configural, metric, scalar, and latent mean invariance across genders in sociotropy and autonomy using a non-western sample" 63 : 636-654, 200308

29 Tzelgov, J, "Suppression situations in psychological research: Definitions,implications, and applications" 109 : 524-536, 1991

30 Chin, C, "Student-generated question: a meaningful aspect of learning in science" 24 (24): 521-549, 2002

31 Carmines, E. G., "Reliability and validity assessment" Sage 1979

32 Graesser, A. C, "Question asking during tutoring" 31 (31): 104-137, 1994

33 Maskill, R, "Pupils' questions, alternative frameworks and the design of science teaching" 19 (19): 781-799, 1997

34 Karabenick, S. A, "Perceived teacher support of student questioning in the college classroom: its relation to student characteristics and role in the classroom questioning process" 86 : 90-103, 1994

35 Cudeck, R, "Model selection in covariance structures analysis and the“problem” of sample size: A clarification" 109 : 512-519, 1991

36 Shrout, P. E, "Mediation in experimental and non-experimental studies:New procedures and recommendations" 7 : 422-445, 2002

37 Wimer J. W, "Higher order teacher questioning of boys and girls in elementary mathematics classrooms" 95 (95): 84-92, 2001

38 MacKinnon, D. P., "Equivalence of the Mediation, Confounding and Suppression Effect" 1 (1): 173-181, 2000

39 Cuccio-Schirripa, S, "Enhancement and analysis of science question level for middle school students" 37 (37): 210-224, 2000

40 Dillon,J.T, "Effect of the question of education and other enterprise" 14 (14): 127-152, 1982

41 Dillon,J.T, "Curiosity as non sequitur of Socratic questioning" 14 (14): 17-22, 1980

42 Yu, F. Y, "Construction and evaluation of a web-based question-posing and peer assessment learning system" 42 (42): 337-348, 2003

43 van der Meij,H, "Constraints on question asking in classrooms" 80 (80): 401-405, 1988

44 Bentler,P.M, "Comparative fit indices in structural models" 107 : 238-246, 1990

45 Schwager, M. T, "Children's perceptions of the classroom in relation to help-seeking" 1991

46 Newman,R.S, "Children's help seeking in the classroom: The role of motivational factors and attitudes" 82 : 71-80, 1990

47 Sobel,M.E, "Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models in Sociological methodology" American Sociological Association 290-312, 1982

48 Cohen, J, "Applied multiple regression correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.)" Lawrence Erlbaum 2002

49 Costa, C. H, "An analysis of question asking on scientific texts explaining natural phenomena" 37 (37): 602-614, 2000

50 Browne, M. W, "Alternative ways of assessing model fit in Testing structural equation models" Sage 1993

51 Boud, D., "Aligning assessment with long-term learning" 31 (31): 399-413, 2006

52 Festinger,L, "A theory of cognitive dissonance" Stanford University Press 1997

53 Conger,A.J, "A revised definition for suppressor variables: A guide to their identification and interpretation" 34 : 35-46, 1974