According to Nelson Goodman and Catherine Elgin, the notions of truth, certainty, and knowledge, which are commonly taken as central concepts in philosophy, should be replaced by the concepts of rightness, adoption, and understanding. In study (I), I ...
According to Nelson Goodman and Catherine Elgin, the notions of truth, certainty, and knowledge, which are commonly taken as central concepts in philosophy, should be replaced by the concepts of rightness, adoption, and understanding. In study (I), I focused on ‘knowledge’ and ‘understanding’, agreeing with Goodman and Elgin’s replacement thesis. The main reasons Goodman and Elgin offer for this reorient- ation were discussed. In this context, emotion, exemplification, fiction, and metaphor play an important part in epistemological endeavors. Goodman and Elgin stress that they function cognitively. I examined some of the ways emotions advance understanding in study (I). Now in study (II), the epistemological significance of exemplification, fiction, and metaphor is dealt with.
Exemplification is a mode of reference whereby a sample refers to whatever it is a sample of. Understanding cognitive devices that function by showing---that is, that refer by exemplification---is a basic cognitive process. I think there are contexts in which cognitive purposes are better served by exemplification than by denotation. We appear capable of learning by sample. Following Goodman and Elgin, I argue that exemplification affords epistemic access to features we might otherwise overlook. Furthermore, I maintain that works of art inform by exemplifying the tension of concepts that apply to the real world as well as to the world of art. Conceptual tension is occasioned by ambiguity or indeterminacy that characterizes aesthetic experience.
Normally ‘x is a picture of y’ is a two-place predicate, relating a picture and an object. However, For Goodman, in fictional cases such as ‘a picture of a unicorn’, there is only a one-place predicate involved, namely ‘a unicorn-picture’. Pictures can be sorted into ‘unicorn-pictures’, ‘centaur-pictures, etc., without commitment to fictional entities. After all, pictures (or stories) are real. One of Goodman and Elgin’s main concerns for understanding is that science and art advance understanding through fiction. I argue, Drawing on Elgin’s analysis, that fictions focus, organize, omit, and elaborate to illuminate telling features; that fiction provides new resources for thinking about ourselves and our situations; that fiction highlights patterns, specifies implications, draws distinctions, and identifies possibilities previously unnoticed in the information at hand.
Goodman and Elgin’s approach to metaphor is thoroughly contextualist. According to them, the context in which a metaphor is produced yields merely clues relevant to its interpretation. In short, metaphor involves projecting a label belonging to one realm of objects onto another realm to which that label does not normally apply. Goodman and Elgin believe that metaphors can be found in a variety of cognitive endeavors including science and art. I agree with them that metaphorical statements can be either true or false. I also believe that metaphor is cognitively very useful. I, like Elgin, contend that metaphor reorganizes a domain, sorting its constituents into hitherto unrecognized kinds, disclosing novel affinities and differences.