(A) fast road to the study of emotions : an introduction

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 What Are Emotions? = 1
• 1.1 Main Concept = 1
• 1.2 Substantial Unit or Coordination of Components? = 1
• 1.3 Defnition of Emotion = 3
• 1.4 Measuring Emotions = 3
• 1.5 Functions of Emotions: Selective Drivers = 3
• 1.6 Causes of Emotions and the Question of Consciousness = 4
• 1.7 Unconscious Emotions. Øhman and Soares' (1994) Study = 5
• 1.8 A Subcortical Early Warning System = 6
• 1.9 Basic and Social Emotions = 7
• 1.10 Practical Relevance = 8
• 1.11 Summary = 8
• 2 Facial Expressions = 9
• 2.1 The Human Face = 9
• 2.2 The Facial Expressions = 9
• 2.3 What Do Facial Expressions Represent? = 11
• 2.4 The Facial Feed-Back Hypothesis = 13
• 2.5 Universal Facial Expressions = 13
• 2.6 Facial Expressions as Subcortical Stimulation : Dimberg, Thunberg,＆Elmehed's (2000) Study = 14
• 2.7 Practical Relevance = 16
• 2.8 Summary = 16
• 3 Individual Emotions = 19
• 3.1 Positive Emotions : Happiness, Interest, and Surprise = 19
• 3.1.1 Happiness = 19
• 3.1.2 Interest = 20
• 3.1.3 Surprise = 20
• 3.2 Negative Emotions : Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Shame and Guilt = 20
• 3.2.1 Sadness = 20
• 3.2.2 Anger = 21
• 3.2.3 Fear = 21
• 3.2.4 Disgust = 21
• 3.2.5 Contempt = 21
• 3.2.6 Shame = 22
• 3.2.7 Guilt = 22
• 3.3 Other Emotions : Pride, Envy, and Jealousy = 22
• 3.3.1 Pride = 22
• 3.3.2 Envy = 23
• 3.3.3 Jealousy = 23
• 3.4 Practical Relevance = 23
• 3.5 Summary = 24
• 4 Personal Indications = 25
• 4.1 The Experience of Emotion : Emotions as Truth = 25
• 4.2 The Experience of Physiological Signals = 26
• 4.3 The Intensity Dimension = 27
• 4.4 Emotions and the Self. Emotion as Traits and Resonance = 28
• 4.5 Fear of Emotions = 29
• 4.6 Emotion as Community : Emotional Contagion = 29
• 4.7 The Need to Talk About Emotions : Social Sharing = 30
• 4.8 Practical Relevance = 30
• 4.9 Summary = 31
• 5 Development of Emotions = 33
• 5.1 The First Year : From Basic to Ordinary Emotions = 33
• 5.1.1 The First Two–Three Months. 33
• 5.1.2 The Experiential Object and Three Types of Emotion.34
• 5.1.3 Emotional Communication, Analog Emotional Language, and Social Referencing = 35
• 5.2 The Second Year : Self-conscious Emotions = 36
• 5.3 Development in the Third to Fourth Year = 36
• 5.4 Further Development = 36
• 5.5 Understanding Emotions = 37
• 5.6 Practical Relevance = 37
• 5.7 Summary = 38
• 6 Emotion and Cognition = 41
• 6.1 Emotions as Result of Cognition : Appraisal Theory = 41
• 6.1.1 Lazarus and Alfert's Study = 41
• 6.1.2 Dimensions of Appraisal = 42
• 6.2 Cognition as Result of Emotion = 43
• 6.2.1 Effect of Emotions on Memory = 43
• 6.2.2 Effect of Emotions on Other Cognitive Processes = 45
• 6.3 Reason and Emotion = 46
• 6.4 Practical Relevance = 47
• 6.5 Summary = 47
• 7 Emotions and Health = 49
• 7.1 Mental Health = 49
• 7.2 Physical Health = 50
• 7.3 Three Systems in the Body's Response to Emotional Stress = 50
• 7.4 Repression and the Question Whether Emotions Should Be Suppressed or Displayed Openly = 51
• 7.5 Stress, Emotion, and Health = 53
• 7.6 Effect of Individual Emotions on Physiological Processes and Health = 53
• 7.7 Practical Relevance = 55
• 7.8 Summary = 56
• 8 Emotion Regulation = 57
• 8.1 The Concept of Emotion Regulation = 57
• 8.2 Development of Emotion Regulation = 57
• 8.3 Why Is Emotions Regulated? Feeling Rules and Emotional Work = 58
• 8.4 James J. Gross' Model of Emotion Regulation = 59
• 8.5 Parkinson and Totterdell's Map of Emotion Regulation Strategies = 60
• 8.6 Supplementary Studies and Remaining Problems = 61
• 8.7 Practical Relevance = 61
• 8.8 Summary = 62
• 9 Emotion and Culture = 63
• 9.1 Emotions in Three Cultures = 63
• 9.2 Relativism = 64
• 9.3 Universality = 65
• 9.4 What Do Cultural Differences Show? Individualism and Collectivism = 65
• 9.5 Gender Differences = 66
• 9.6 Culture or Biology? = 67
• 9.7 Practical Relevance = 67
• 9.8 Summary = 67
• 10 Emotions in the Workplace = 69
• 10.1 Emotions in the Workplace = 69
• 10.2 Emotion Work (EW) = 70
• 10.3 Emotional Intelligence (EI) = 71
• 10.4 Practical Relevance = 73
• 10.5 Summary = 74
• 11 Historical Background and Current Theories = 75
• 11.1 Philosophical Background. . 75
• 11.2 Introductory Studies and Viewpoints : Darwin, James and Wundt = 76
• 11.3 Modern Research on Emotions = 77
• 11.3.1 Before 1950 : Watson, Cannon and Research on the Brain = 77
• 11.3.2 1950s : Cognitive Revolution and Rediscovery of Darwin = 77
• 11.3.3 1960–1980. Schachter and Singer, Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), Paul Ekman (B. 1934) and Carroll Izard (1923–2017) = 78
• 11.3.4 The 80S and 90S and Further. Bower, Zajonc and Isen = 78
• 11.4 Modern Theoretical Approaches = 78
• 11.4.1 Carroll E. Izard and Differential Emotion Theory = 79
• 11.4.2 James A. Russell and Lisa Feldman Barrett : Dimensions and Cognitive Constructs = 80
• 11.4.3 Keith Oatley and Philip Johnson-Laird : Adjustment to Cognitive Science = 81
• 11.5 Summary = 82
• 12 Biological Basis of Emotions = 85
• 12.1 Anatomical and Neuronal Basis of Emotions = 85
• 12.1.1 Lateralization = 86
• 12.1.2 The Amygdala = 86
• 12.1.3 Other Emotions = 88
• 12.2 Physiological Basis of Emotions = 89
• 12.2.1 The Central Nervous System = 89
• 12.2.2 The Peripheral Nervous System = 89
• 12.3 Neurochemical Infuences on Emotions = 91
• 12.4 Summary = 91
• 13 Final Remarks = 93
• 13.1 General View = 93
• 13.2 Emotional Blending = 94
• 13.3 Duration of Emotions = 94
• 13.4 Do We Always Have Emotions? = 95
• 13.5 Do Animals Have Emotions? = 95
• References = 97
• Author Index = 105
• Subject Index = 109