영어 어두 약음절에서의 모음 탈락 양상: 코퍼스 연구 = Aspects of English Syncope in a Word-Initial Unstressed Syllable: A Corpus Study

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

It is well known that a schwa in an unstressed syllable is weakened and thus commonly deleted in English. Such syncope even applies to a word-initial syllable that is prosodically strong. Sonority of adjacent consonants and lexical frequency were known to determine the deletion of a schwa. Such an argument, however, has been controversial and little is known about the relationship with other variables. The goal of this study is to investigate the factors and their relationship in schwa deletion. Results showed that sonority and lexical frequency played important roles in English syncope. However, once conditions were met, exposure frequency about the consonant sequences after syncope played the most crucial role.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Leech, Geoffrey, "Word Frequencies in Written and Spoken English" Pearson Education 2001

2 Crosswhite, Katherine, "Vowel Reduction in Optimality Theory" Routledge 2001

3 송지은, "Variable Schwa Deletion in English: A Corpus Study" 한국음운론학회 19 (19): 33-52, 2013

4 Glowacka, Dorota, "Unstressed Vowel Deletion and New Consonant Clusters in English" 37 : 71-94, 2001

5 Selkirk, Elizabeth, "The Role of Prosodic Categories in English Word Stress" 11 : 563-605, 1980

6 Fokes, Joann, "The Elusive/illusive Syllable" 50 : 102-123, 1993

7 Kahn, Daniel, "Syllable-Based Generalizations in English Phonology" MIT 1976

8 Bald, Wolf-Dietrich, "Studies in the Pronunciation of English" Routledge 317-322, 1990

9 Lodge, Ken, "Studies in the Phonology of Colloquial English" Croon Helm 1984

10 Zec, Draga, "Sonority Constraints on Syllable Structure" 12 : 85-29, 1995

11 류나영, "Schwa deletion in the conversational speech of English: The role of linguistic factors" 언어정보연구소 30 (30): 313-333, 2013

12 이학식, "SPSS 24 매뉴얼" 집현재 2013

13 Hooper, Joan B., "Recent Developments in Historical Phonology" Mouton Publishers 183-207, 1978

14 McCarthy, John, "Prosodic Morphology: Constraint Interaction and Satisfaction" University of Massachusetts at Amherst 1993

15 Laver, John, "Principles of Phonetics" Cambridge University Press 1994

16 Beckman, Jill N., "Positional Faithfulness" University of Massachusetts at Amherst 1998

17 Zoll, Cheryl, "Positional Asymmetries and Licensing" Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1998

18 Kenstowicz, Michael, "Phonology in Generative Grammar" Blackwell 1994

19 Bybee, Joan, "Phonology and Language Use" Cambridge University Press 2001

20 Smith, Jennifer L., "Phonological Augmentation in Prominent Positions" University of Massachusetts at Amherst 2002

21 Dalby, Marler J., "Phonetic Structure of Fast Speech in American English" Indiana University 1984

22 Clements, George N., "Papers in Laboratory Phonology I: Between the Grammar and Physics of Speech" Cambridge University Press 283-333, 1990

23 Prince, Alan, "Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar" Blackwell 2004

24 Selkirk, Elizabeth, "On Prosodic Structure and Its Relation to Syntactic Structure" Indiana University Linguistics Club 1980

25 Hyman, Larry, M., "Linguistic Studies Offered to Joseph Greenberg on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday" Anma Libri 107-118, 1976

26 Zwicky, Arnold, "Linguistic Change and Generative Theory" 275-301, 1972

27 Selkirk, Elizabeth, "Language Sound Structure: Studies in Phonology" MIT Press 107-136, 1984

28 Francis, Nelson W., "Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Grammar" Houghton Mifflin 1982

29 Alderete, John, "Faithfulness to Prosodic Heads" University of Massachusetts at Amherst 1995

30 McCarthy, John, "Extensions of Faithfulness: Rotuman Revisited" University of Massachusetts at Amherst 1995

31 Pitt, Mark A., "Exploring the Role of Exposure Frequency in Recognizing Pronunciation Variants" 39 : 304-311, 2011

32 Patterson, David, "Corpora Analyses of Frequency of Schwa Deletion in Conversational American English" 60 : 45-69, 2003

33 Pitt, Mark A., "Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech (2nd release)" Department of Psychology, Ohio State University 2007

34 Cho, Taehong, "Articulatory and Acoustic Studies of Domain-Initial Strengthening in Korean" 97 : 100-138, 1999

35 Byrd, Dani, "Articulatory Vowel Lengthening and Coordination at Phrasal Junctures" 57 : 3-16, 2000

36 Yavas, Mehmet, "Applied English Phonology" John Wiley and Sons 2016

37 Stuart Davis, "Ambiguous Syllabification in English: Foot Structure and the Schwa Syncope Problem" 한국언어과학회 25 (25): 315-330, 2018

38 Ladefoged, Peter, "A Course in Phonetics" Wadsworth 2006