Beneath the mask : an introduction to theories of personality

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1. Basic Issues and Varieties of Theory = 1
• A Useful Metaphor : The Mask and the Person Beneath = 2
• Beginning the Study of Personality = 3
• One Truth or Many Perspectives? = 4
• Personality Theories : Creative Solutions to Personal Problems = 5
• What About Abnormal Psychology? = 7
• Evaluating the Theories : Personology or Personality Theory? = 8
• Evaluating Personality Theories = 10
• Three Major Tools : Agency, Refutability, and Idiographic Focus = 10
• Additional Dimensions of Personality Theories = 13
• An Introduction to Conventional Theoretical Categories = 14
• A Welcoming Word = 15
• For Further Reading = 16
• Glossary = 16
• 2. Sigmund Freud／Psychonalaysis : The Clinical Evidence = 18
• About Freud's Clinical Psychoanalysis = 18
• The Hysterical Neurosis of Bertha Pappenheim = 19
• "Clouds" : Self-induced Hypnosis = 20
• The Cathartic Method in Freud's Hands : Hypnotism = 26
• Frau Emmy von N. = 28
• First Clue in the Discovery of Free Association : Freud Learns to Listen = 31
• The Theoretical Yield from Frau Emmy's Therapy = 33
• The Evolution of Method : Fra$$\ddot u$$lein von R. = 34
• Second Clue to the Free Association Method : The Concentration Technique = 35
• The Theoretical Yield from Fra$$\ddot u$$lein Weiss's Therapy = 39
• Freud's Final Clue to the Free Association Method = 41
• Compromise Formation : The Meaning of Symptoms = 42
• Sexual Motives as the Basis of Conflict : Origins of the Hypothesis = 43
• Freud's Honesty Questioned - and the Questioner Questioned = 46
• Personal Sources of the Hypothesis : Freud's Self-Analysis = 48
• Psychosexual Development : Oedipus and Electra = 53
• Psychosexual Stages : Libidinal Organization = 57
• Evaluating Clinical Psychoanalysis = 62
• Summary = 64
• For Further Reading = 65
• Glossary = 67
• 3. Sigmund Freud／Psychoanalysis : The Dynamic Model of the Mind = 69
• About Freud's Dynamic Model = 69
• Dreams as Wish Fulfillments = 70
• Personal Sources : Freud's Father and Mother Dreams = 71
• Manifest and Latent Dream Content : The Mask = 76
• Four Processes of Dream Work = 77
• Study of the Dream : Theoretical Yield = 80
• The Reality Principle = 83
• The Meanings of Unconscious in Psychoanalysis = 84
• Metapsychology of Repression = 86
• Instincts of the Unconscious = 87
• Characteristics of Instincts = 88
• Dualistic Division of the Instincts : Hunger versus Love = 88
• Behaviors Beyond the Pleasure Principle : The Clinical Evidence = 91
• Reduction of the Pleasure Principle to a Pleasure "Tendency" = 93
• Revision of Instinct Theory : Eros and Death = 94
• The Final, Structural Model of the Mind = 97
• The Id = 98
• The Ego = 99
• The Superego = 100
• Id, Ego, Superego Interactions = 103
• Freud's Changing Conceptions of Anxiety = 104
• Evaluating Theoretical Psychoanalysis = 107
• Summary = 110
• Addendum : Limitations of Classical Freudian Theory = 111
• For Further Reading = 114
• Glossary = 114
• 4. Carl G. Jung／Analytical Psychology = 117
• About Jung's Analytical Psychology = 117
• Experimental Study of Associations = 118
• Emotional Complex Indicators = 119
• Discovering a Case of Criminally Negligent Homicide = 120
• Uses of the Word Association Test = 122
• Jung's Concept of Libido = 122
• The Principles of Equivalence and Entropy = 123
• Learning from Unlikely Sources = 124
• Visionary and Creative or Just Crazy? = 125
• Summary of Some Major Themes in Jung's Life = 131
• Jung and Freud = 132
• Structure of Psyche : Ego, Personal, and Collective Unconscious = 133
• Origin of the Archetypes = 134
• Archetypes and Synchronicity = 139
• Imagining the Clinical Perspectives of Freud and Adler = 140
• Jungian Attitude Types : Freud the Extrovert and Adler the Introvert = 141
• The Functions of the Psyche = 142
• The Extrovert Types = 144
• The Introvert Types = 146
• The Process of Individuation : Enantiodromia = 147
• Development of the Self : A Teleological View of Life = 148
• Evaluating Carl Jung = 153
• Summary = 155
• For Further Reading = 155
• Glossary = 156
• 5. Alfred Adler／Individual Psychology = 158
• Adler's Individual Psychology = 158
• The Nonexistent Cemetery : Adler's Fear of Death = 159
• Adler's, Freud's, and Jung's Childhood Perceptions of Death = 160
• Freud and Adler : Dissent Over the Fundamental Human Motive = 161
• Adler's View of His Differences with Freud = 163
• Transition Summary = 165
• Inferiority-Superiority : From Minus to Plus Self-Estimates = 166
• Masculine Protest : Not for Men Only = 169
• Relation Between Inferiority and Superiority = 170
• An Illustrative Case : Lying for Superiority = 171
• Fictionalism : The Philosophy of "As-If" = 172
• Personality as Unified Goal Striving : Fictional Finalism = 172
• Striving for Perfection : Focus on the Neurotic Personality = 173
• Striving for Perfection : "Safeguarding" the Neurotic Personality = 174
• Social Interest : The Tasks of Life = 178
• Style of Life : Individual Psychology = 180
• Personality Types : Degrees of Social Interest = 181
• Early Recollections as Indicators of Style of Life = 181
• Ordinal Position Within the Family as Indicator of Style of Life = 182
• Evaluating Alfred Adler = 184
• Summary = 186
• For Further Reading = 187
• Glossary = 188
• 6. Two Mothers of Psychoanalytic Ego Psychology : Anna Freud & Margaret S. Mahler／The Psychoanalytic Heritage : Ego Psychology = 190
• About Ego Psychology = 191
• ANNA FREUD
• Legitimizing Ego Psychology = 191
• Personal Soruces : From Being Unwanted to Becoming Indispensable = 192
• Widening the Scope of Analysis : Little Patients' Problems = 197
• Making the Child Analyzable : The Preparatory Phase = 198
• The Child Analysis Proper : Techniques = 200
• The Theoretical Yield : New Meanings for Familiar Analytic Concepts = 204
• The Ego Defends Itself : Profiles of Mastery and Vulnerability = 211
• A Final Word on Anna Freud = 213
• The Legacy of Anna Freud = 216
• MARGARET S. MAHLER
• Psychotic and Health Egos : Symbiosis and Separation Themes = 216
• Psychological Birth : Separation and Individuation = 217
• Personal Sources of Mahler's Separation-Individuation Hypothesis = 225
• A Final Word on Margaret S. Mahler = 230
• Evaluating the Ego Psychologists = 230
• Summary = 231
• For Further Reading = 232
• Glossary = 232
• 7. Melanie Klein D. W. Winnicott & Heinz Kohut／The Psychoanalytic Heritage : Object Relations Theory = 234
• About the Object Relations Theory = 235
• So, Who Are the Object Relations Theorists? = 235
• MELANIE KLEIN
• Psychoanalysis as Pedagogy : Educating Erich = 236
• Klein's Discovery of "Phantasy" = 237
• Love and Hate at the Breast = 238
• Sadism and the Oedipus Complex = 240
• How It All Turns Out : Klein's First Theory of the Superego = 243
• "Richard" : Extracts from an Illustrative Case = 243
• Implications of the "Richard" Case = 251
• Anxiety : First Modifications to the Theory of Development = 254
• Hate Versus Guilt : Repairing the Ravages of Sadism = 256
• Paranoiac and Depressive Positions : Klein's First Theory = 257
• Manic and Depressive Positions in Adult Psychopathology = 258
• Love, Guilt, and Reparation = 261
• Projection + Identification＝Splitting Revisited = 262
• Reparation : The Link Between Positions = 265
• Envy and Gratitude : The Forever Generous, Tolerant, and Bountiful Breast = 266
• Defending Against Envy : The Most Deadly of Sins = 268
• Some Personal Sources of Klein's Vision of the Infant's World = 270
• A Final Word on Melanie Klein = 276
• D. W. WINNICOTT
• A Commonsensical and Creative Child Analyst = 277
• Unconventional Psychoanalysis : The Pediatric Consultation Model = 280
• Early Theory : The Kleinian Influence = 284
• Primitive Personality Development, Winnicott Style = 286
• "There's No Such Thing as a Baby" = 289
• Severe Psychopathology and Failures of Adaptation = 296
• Exploring Deeper Questions = 297
• Personal Sources from Winnicott's Childhood = 299
• A Final Word on D. W. Winnicott = 302
• HEINZ KOHUT
• Beyond the Ego : Psychoanalytic Self-Theory = 302
• A Final Word on Heinz Kohut = 306
• Evaluating Object Relations Theory = 307
• Summary = 308
• For Further Reading = 311
• Glossary = 311
• 8. Erik Erikson／Psychoanalytic Ego Psychology : The Centrality of Identity = 315
• About Erikson's Ego Psychology = 315
• Ego Identity : Central to Psychological Development = 316
• Life History Sources of the Identity Hypothesis = 316
• Clinical Sources of the Identity Hypothesis : War Veterans = 318
• Anthropological Sources of the Identity Hypothesis : The Oglala Sioux = 320
• The Ego Identity Hypothesis and Psychoanalytic Theory = 321
• Psychosocial Development : An Epigenetic Sequence = 321
• The Life Cycle : The Eight Stages of Human Development = 323
• Acquiring a Sense of Trust Versus a Sense of Mistrust : Hope = 325
• Acquiring a Sense of Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt : Will = 326
• Acquiring a Sense of Initiative Versus a Sense of Guilt : Purpose = 328
• Acquiring a Sense of Industry Versus a Sense of Inferiority : Competence = 329
• Acquiring a Sense of Identity Versus a Sense of Role Confusion : Fidelity = 330
• Acquiring a Sense of Intimacy Versus a Sense of Isolation : Love = 332
• Acquiring a Sense of Generativity Versus a Sense of Stagnation : Care = 334
• Acquiring Ego Integrity Versus Despair : Wisdom = 335
• Is There a Ninth Stage? = 336
• Applying Erikson's Stage Theory = 336
• Some Concluding Remarks on Erikson = 337
• Evaluating Erik Erikson = 337
• Summary = 338
• For Further Reading = 338
• Glossary = 340
• 9. Harry Stack Sullivan／Interpersonal Theory = 343
• About Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory = 343
• Modes of Experience : Prototaxic, Parataxic, and Syntaxic = 344
• Jungian Aspects of Sullivan's Theory = 346
• Anxiety : The States of Euphoria and Tension = 348
• The Communication of Anxiety = 348
• Nursing as the Prototype of Interpersonal Situations = 349
• Differentiation of Self From the Universe = 350
• Personal Sources of Sullivan's Emphasis on Personal Relationships = 351
• Personifications of Self : Good-Me, Bad-Me, Not-Me = 356
• The Self-System : Security Operations = 358
• Selective Inattention = 359
• Me-You Personifications = 360
• Developmental Epochs : From Infancy to Late Adolescence = 361
• Evaluating Harry Stack Sullivan = 364
• Summary = 366
• For Further Reading = 366
• Glossary = 367
• 10. Karen Horney／Social Psychoanalytic Psychology = 369
• About Horney's Social Psychoanalytic Approach = 369
• Coping Approaches and Neurotic Trends = 370
• Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility = 371
• Personal Sources of the Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility Hypothesis = 374
• An Illustrative Case : Clare, an Unwanted Child = 378
• Despised Real Self, Ideal Self, and the Actual Self = 379
• The Core Neurotic Conflict : Alienation from Real Self = 381
• Interpersonal Coping Strategies : Moves Toward, Away From, and Against Others = 382
• Auxiliary Conflict Solutions = 386
• Modification of Freudian Psychoanalysis = 388
• A Final Word on Karen Horney = 390
• Summary = 391
• For Further Reading = 391
• Glossary = 392
• 11. Gordon W. Allport／Humanistic Trait and Self Theory = 394
• About Allport's Trait and Self Theory = 39
• Was Young Allport Misunderstood by Freud Himself? = 395
• "How Shall a Psychological Life History Be Written?" = 396
• Toward a Personalistic Psychology = 397
• Personal Sources of Allport's Emphasis on Uniqueness and Independence = 398
• Personality : Allport's Definition = 400
• Personal Documents : An Idiographic Approach to Life History = 404
• An Illustrative Case : Analysis of Jenny Gove Masterson's Letters = 406
• Criticisms and Allport's Responses = 409
• "Traits Revisited" : Heuristic Realism = 410
• The Mature, Healthy and Personality = 410
• Functional Autonomy : Allport's Theory of Motivation = 414
• Evaluating Gordon Allport = 415
• Summary = 417
• For Further Reading = 418
• Glossary = 418
• 12. Rollo May／Existential Phenomenology = 420
• About Rollo May's Existential Phenomenology = 420
• A Lonely Young Man, Looking for Answers to Deep Questions = 421
• Existential Phenomenological Psychology and Psychotherapy = 424
• Contributions of European Philosophy = 424
• Ontological Principles : "Mrs. Hutchens" = 425
• The Problem of Nothingness = 430
• Personal Sources of May's Existentialism = 432
• Love and Will = 434
• Four Forms of Loving = 435
• Good and Evil = 438
• Will = 439
• Freedom = 441
• Destiny = 442
• Evaluating Rollo May = 443
• Summary = 445
• For Further Reading = 446
• Glossary = 446
• 13. Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow／Humanistic Psychology = 448
• About Maslow and Roger's Humanistic Psychologies = 448
• ABRAHAM MASLOW
• What About the Normal and Healthy Personality = 449
• The Origin of Maslow's Interest in Exceptional Psychological Health and Strength = 450
• Personal Sources of the Hypothesis : "In Pursuit of Angels" = 452
• Characteristics of Self-Actualizers = 457
• Learning From Almost Everyday Who Was Anybody in Psychology = 459
• The Hierarchy of Needs : From Deficiency to Being Motivation = 459
• Beyond Self-Actualization : The B-Values = 461
• Peak Experiences as Momentarily Intense B-Value States = 463
• Humanistic Psychology : The Third Force = 465
• Toward a Transpersonal Viewpoint = 466
• CARL ROGERS
• A Harbinger of Things to Come = 466
• Psychotherapist as Self-Actualization Facilitator = 467
• Development of the Nondirective Viewpoint = 469
• Personal Sources of Rogers' Emphasis on Freedom and Self-Worth = 470
• Early Nondirective View : Too Much Freedom = 473
• Client-Centered Therapy : Empathic Understanding = 474
• Experiential Therapy : The Conditions of Personality Change = 475
• Personality Changes Evoked by the Therapeutic Relationship = 476
• The Fully Functioning Person : Ideal Mental Health = 477
• Rogers' Model of Develpment = 479
• The Importance of Approval = 479
• Incongruence Between Self and Experience = 480
• Personality Disorganization = 481
• Some Criticisms of Rogers' Approach = 481
• Operationalizing the Concept of Self : Q-Sort Methodology = 482
• Evaluating Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers = 484
• Summary = 485
• For Further Reading = 486
• Glossary = 487
• 14. John B. Watson & B. F. Skinner／Radical Behaviorism = 489
• About Radical Behaviorism = 489
• JOHN B. WATSON
• The Tradition of Radical Behaviorism = 490
• Possible Personal Aspects of Watson's Radical Behaviorism = 492
• Conditioning Little "Albert B." = 496
• Basic Assumptions of Watson's Radical Behaviorism = 498
• Watson's Commonsense View of Personality = 499
• Radical Behaviorism and Psychopathology = 501
• B. F. SKINNER
• Skinner's (Less) Radical Behaviorism = 503
• An Illustration of Operant Conditioning = 507
• Skinner's Solutions to Freud's Puzzles = 511
• A New Element in Skinner's Radical Behaviorism = 514
• Were There Personal Sources of Skinner's Radical Behaviorism? = 515
• Some Limitations of Behaviorism = 523
• Evaluating Behaviorism = 523
• Summary = 524
• For Further Reading = 525
• Glossary = 525
• 15. George A. Kelly／Personal Construct Theory = 528
• About George A. Kelly's Personal Construct Theory = 528
• Uncovering a Persons's Constructs of Personality = 529
• Grid Form of the REP Test : A Persons's Own Personality Theory = 531
• Kelly : The Inventive Psychological Tinkerer = 533
• Each Person Is a Scientist = 536
• Kelly's Fundamental Postulate and 11 Corollaries = 536
• Construction and Individuality Corollaries : The Person as a Process = 537
• Hierarchy of Experience : Organization and Dichotomy Corollaries = 537
• Choice, Range, and Experience of Corollaries : Limitations of Anticipation = 538
• Modulation and Fragmentation Corollaries : Variation Versus Stability = 539
• Commonality and Sociality Corollaries : Shared Experience = 540
• The Mask Metaphor Again = 541
• The CPC Cycle : Circumspection, Preemption, and Control／Choice = 542
• Some Traditional Personality Variables as Kelly Recast Them = 545
• Evaluating Kelly's Personal Construct Theory = 547
• Summary = 548
• For Further Reading = 549
• Glossary = 549
• 16. John Dollard & Neal Miller／Psychodynamic Social Learning Theory Albert Bandura／Social Cognitive Theory = 551
• DOLLARD AND MILLER
• About Psychodynamic Social Learning Theory = 552
• Stimulus-Response Translation of Anxiety and Repression = 552
• Dollard and Miller : A Bridge Between Psychodynamic and Behavioral Approaches = 558
• ALBERT BANDURA
• About Social Cognitive Theory = 558
• Misconstrued as a Behaviorist = 559
• What About Bandura's Own Life? = 566
• Developmental Phases of Self-Efficacy = 566
• Selective Activation of Self-Controls = 572
• Bandura's Model of Anxiety and Depression = 575
• Does Chance Play a Role in Life? = 577
• Bandura's Theories and Today's World = 577
• Evaluating the Approaches of Dollard and Miller and Bandura = 578
• Summary = 579
• For Further Reading = 580
• Glossary = 581
• 17. Hans Eysenck／Biologically Based Typology = 583
• About Eysenck's Biologically Based Typology of Personality = 584
• Research Psychologist as a Scientist and a Bit of a Maverick = 584
• Childhood Sources of Eysenck's Intellectual Independence = 585
• Early Descriptive Researches : Introversion-Extroversion and Neuroticism = 588
• Historical Antecedents of Introversion-Extroversion Dimension = 590
• Pavlov's Dogs : Excitation-Inhibition Temperaments = 592
• Hull's Drive Theory : Individual Differences in Performance = 596
• Individual Differences and Eysenck's Typology = 597
• Arousability and the Ascending Reticular Activation System(ARAS) = 599
• Translation of Excitation-Inhibition into Arousal Concepts = 601
• A Direct Test of the Arousal Theory : Stimulant and Depressant Drugs = 605
• Acquisition of Neurosis : The Socialization of Introverts and Extroverts = 606
• Psychoticism : Psychiatric Diagnosis Revisited = 608
• Psychoticism, Crime, and Genetics = 609
• The "Big Five" : A Model Based on Factor Analysis = 613
• Evaluating Eysenck's Typology = 614
• Summary = 615
• For Further Reading = 617
• Glossary = 618
• 18. Edward O. Wilson／Evolutionary Psychology = 620
• About Evolutionary Psychology = 621
• The Roots of a Naturalist = 622
• Darwin's(and Wallace's) Theory of Natural Selection = 625
• Wilson Encounters Hamilton's Ideas = 627
• From Insect Societies to Sociobiology to Human Nature = 628
• Evolutionary Concepts in Classical Personality Theories = 630
• Further Developments in Evolutionary Psychological Thinking = 635
• Human Nature Does Exist = 638
• Evolutionary Psychology from a Broader, More Objective Perspective = 640
• Some Misconceptions About Evolutionary Psychology = 641
• How Might an Evolutionary Psychologist Proceed? = 643
• An Actual Example - Not of Postdiction, but Prediction - Sort Of = 643
• Evolutionary Psychology and Psychopathology = 646
• A Final Word on Evolutionary Psychology = 647
• Summary = 649
• For Further Reading = 650
• Glossary = 650
• 19. Thinking About Personality Theories and Personality Theorists = 652
• About the Persistence of Untestable Theories = 652
• If They Are Often Untestable, Why Do They Survive? = 653
• What We Get from Theories of Personality = 654
• A Trend Toward Active Agency in Theories of Personality = 654
• Who Becomes a Personality Theorist? = 655
• The Cultural and Social-Historical Contexts of Personality Theorists = 660
• A Final Evaluation of the Theories = 661
• Summary = 662
• For Further Reading = 663
• Bibliography = 665
• Photo Credits = 689
• Subject Index = 691
• Name Index = 707