Plant-pathogenic bacteria encounter dynamic environmental conditions and host-imposed stresses during infection, requiring precise transcriptional regulation for survival and disease progression. Pectobacterium carotovorum, a necrotrophic pathogen cau...
Plant-pathogenic bacteria encounter dynamic environmental conditions and host-imposed stresses during infection, requiring precise transcriptional regulation for survival and disease progression. Pectobacterium carotovorum, a necrotrophic pathogen causing soft rot in diverse crops, relies on transcriptional networks to regulate virulence. Among various global regulators, the LysR-type regulator HexA has been described as a repressor of plant cell wall–degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), quorum sensing (QS), and pathogenicity, yet its broader roles remain unclear. To further characterize the HexA regulon in P. carotovorum PCC27, an integrative approach combining chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq) was conducted. This analysis revealed that HexA controls a broad set of targets, including transcriptional regulators, hypothetical proteins, and post-transcriptional factors such as RsmA and RsmB. Among these, HexC, annotated as a hypothetical protein was identified as a HexA-interacting partner that enhances its DNA-binding activity. Biochemical and genetic assays demonstrated that HexC acts as a co-repressor, reinforcing HexA-mediated regulation. Loss of HexA led to derepression of PCWDE genes and elevated QS production, while the hexA/hexC double mutant generated even higher QS levels without a proportional increase in virulence. The double mutant also showed impaired growth under acidic conditions but outcompeted the wild type in neutral pH medium. In contrast, in planta assays consistently showed reduced fitness of hexA, hexC, and hexA/hexC mutants compared with the wild type in both single and co-infections. Collectively, these findings identify HexC as a regulatory partner that strengthens HexA function and provide insight into how transcriptional regulation adapts and evolves under variable environmental conditions.