(The) Enlightenment that failed : ideas, revolution, and democratic defeat, 1748-1830

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 Introduction : Radical Enlightenment and "Modernity" (1650-1850) = 1
• 1.1 Basic Argument and Scope = 1
• 1.2 Definitions and Categories = 7
• 1.3 The End of the Enlightenment? = 20
• 1.4 The Concept "Radical Enlightenment" = 27
• Part I. The Origins Of Democratic Modernity
• 2 The Rise of Democratic Republicanism = 37
• 2.1 England and the "Dutch Way" (1688-1720) = 37
• 2.2 A Notable Public Controversy (1706-1710) = 43
• 2.3 Spinoza Reviv'd and the cercle spinoziste = 51
• 2.4 Dutch Democratic Republicanism (1650-1700) = 58
• 2.5 Revising the "Pocock Thesis" on Republicanism = 66
• 3 From Radical Renaissance to Radical Enlightenment = 75
• 3.1 Rediscovering Lucretius = 75
• 3.2 Epicureanism versus Spinozism = 83
• 3.3 Methods of Subversion = 89
• 4 From Radical Reformation to the cercle spinoziste = 97
• 4.1 Socinus and the Socinian Revolt = 97
• 4.2 Grotius and the Radical Enlightenment = 105
• 4.3 Polish Brethren, Moravian Brethren, Rescuing Anti-Trinitarian Theology = 111
• 4.4 Fusing Radical Reformation with Radical Enlightenment = 116
• 5 English "Deism" and its Pre-1700 Roots = 126
• 5.1 Rival "Deist" Identities (1700-1740) = 126
• 5.2 Conservative "Deism": Wollaston, Morgan, and Chubb = 134
• 5.3 Shaftesbury's Radicalism = 140
• 5.4 Toland Revisited = 147
• 6 Great "Moderates" and the Temptations of the Radical : Montesquieu and the Forbidden = 159
• 7 D'Holbach against Voltaire and Rousseau: A Triangular War of Political Thought Systems = 179
• 7.1 Our "Vale of Tears" = 179
• 7.2 Rejecting Rousseau's "Equality" = 187
• 7.3 Contesting Voltaire's Court "Aristocratism" = 193
• 7.4 Improving Society Includes Economic Redistribution = 203
• 7.5 Rightly and Wrongly Interpreting d'Holbach = 208
• 8 Revolution without Violence: The Nordic Model = 215
• 8.1 Enlightened Reform in Sweden-Finland = 215
• 8.2 Enlightened Reform in Denmark-Norway = 224
• 8.3 Scandinavian Enlightened Despotism after 1772 = 234
• 8.4 Scandinavia's Gradual Revolution (1784-1820) = 239
• Part II. Human Rights And Revolution (1770-1830)
• 9 Parallel Revolutions : America and France (1774-1793) = 255
• 9.1 Breakthrough to "Modernity" : The Twin American and French Revolutions down to June 1793 = 255
• 9.2 "Democratical Principles" versus Aristocratic Republicanism = 264
• 9.3 Mobilizing the Masses ; Forging Constitutions = 279
• 10 "General Will" and the Invention of Universal and Equal Human Rights (1750-1789) = 290
• 10.1 "General Will" and the Rise of Equal Rights = 290
• 10.2 Why the "Cultural" Explanation of the Invention of Human Rights is Wrong = 301
• 10.3 The "Sixth Bureau" against Universal Human Rights = 315
• 11 Emancipating Women : Marriage, Equality, and Female Citizenship (1775-1815) = 318
• 11.1 Gender Segregation and Repression = 318
• 11.2 Radical Thought and the Origins of Modern Feminism = 324
• 11.3 Enlightenment and Girls' Education = 330
• 11.4 Revolution and Divorce = 336
• 11.5 Montagnard, Napoleonic, and Post-Napoleonic Reaction = 346
• 12 From Classical Economics to Post-Classical Redistributive Economics (1775-1820) = 354
• 12.1 Beginnings (1748-1776) = 354
• 12.2 Economics and the "Grain War" = 362
• 12.3 Economics and the Issue of Poverty = 372
• 13 Reforming Europe's Law Codes = 390
• 13.1 Social Structure, Culture, and the Law = 390
• 13.2 Law, Popular Culture, and Religious Policing = 402
• 13.3 The "Law Reform" Controversy of the 1760s and 1770s = 408
• 14 Unity of Humanity : Race Theory and the Equality of Peoples = 420
• 14.1 Enlightenment and the Advent of Race Theories = 420
• 14.2 Kant in Controversy with Herder and Forster over Race = 432
• 15 Unity of Humanity : Property, Class, and the Emancipation of Man = 441
• 15.1 Scottish Enlightenment and the "Science of Man" = 441
• 15.2 Social Science and Differentiating the Two Enlightenments = 449
• Part III. Revolution And Competing Revolutionary Ideologies (1789-1830)
• 16 Robespierre anti-philosophe : The Battle of Ideologies during the French Revolution = 457
• 16.1 The Rousseauist Roots of Robespierre's anti-philosophique Discourse = 457
• 16.2 Robespierre, Rousseau, and the Cult of the Ordinary = 468
• 16.3 Robespierre and the Historiography of the Revolution : Revisiting the "Marxist Interpretation" = 473
• 17 Swiss Revolution : The Climb to Democratic Republicanism (1782-1830) = 497
• 17.1 Switzerland : "Aristocratic" versus "Democratic" Republicanism = 497
• 17.2 The Swiss Revolutions of the 1790s = 515
• 17.3 Napoleon's Reconstitution of Switzerland (1802-1814) = 523
• 17.4 Toward Democratic Republicanism = 528
• 18 The Belgian Revolution (1787-1794) = 533
• 18.1 An "Advanced Society" Engineers a "Backward Revolution" = 533
• 18.2 Radical Concepts used for Conservative Ends = 541
• 18.3 The Vonckiste Revolution Overwhelmed = 553
• 19 Enlightening against Robespierre (and Napoleon) : The ecoles centrales (1792-1804) = 563
• 19.1 Condorcet and the Radical Enlightenment's Culminating Project = 563
• 19.2 Inaugurating the ecoles centrales = 576
• 19.3 Enlightenment in Secondary School Curricula = 582
• 19.4 Napoleon Reorganizes French Secondary and Higher Education = 589
• 20 Revolution and the Universities : Germany's "Philosophy Wars" (1780-1820) = 595
• 20.1 Enlightenment, Reform, and Transforming the Universities = 595
• 20.2 The Politicization of German Philosophy = 604
• 20.3 The Atheismusstreit (1798-1799) = 616
• 20.4 A New Vision of the University = 624
• 21 Radicalism and Repression in the Anglo-American World (1775-1815) = 634
• 21.1 The Radical Tendency = 634
• 21.2 Unitarian Radical Enlightenment = 638
• 21.3 The American Revolution in British Thought = 645
• 21.4 Expelling Britain's Radicals (1792-1802) = 656
• 21.5 Tom Paine and the Rise of the American Radical Intelligentsia = 665
• 22 The American Connection = 669
• 22.1 New York Radicalism = 669
• 22.2 New York and Philadelphia Radicalism Revived (1792-1806) = 676
• 23 The Spanish Revolution (1808-1823) = 690
• 23.1 Josephism versus Radical Thought = 690
• 23.2 The Cadiz Cortes and 1812 Constitution = 705
• 23.3 Reaction (1814-1820) = 711
• 23.4 The Failed Revolution of 1820-1823 = 715
• 24 Black Emancipation, Universal Emancipation, and the Haitian Revolution (1775-1825) = 729
• 24.1 Enlightenment, Radical Enlightenment, and Black Emancipation = 729
• 24.2 Toussaint Louverture's Black Revolution = 742
• 24.3 Haitian Independence = 755
• 24.4 "King Henry Christophe" and the Thwarting of Black Monarchy = 759
• Part IV. The Enlightenment That Failed
• 25 Reaction and Radicalism : Germany and the Low Countries (1814-1830) = 771
• 25.1 Restoration Thwarted = 771
• 25.2 "Enlightened Despotism" Revived : The United Netherlands (1814-1830) = 781
• 25.3 Bavaria and Wurttemberg as Late Enlightenment States = 791
• 26 British Philosophical Radicalism (1814-1830) = 804
• 26.1 A New Beginning : Bentham and the Gentler Path = 804
• 26.2 Benthamite Radicalism as a Post-1815 British and International Ideology = 816
• 27 Failed Restoration in France (1814-1830) = 825
• 27.1 Louis XVIII and the "Hundred Days" = 825
• 27.2 Enlightenment Barriers to a Genuine Restoration = 835
• 27.3 Political Ideology and the Revolutionary Tradition = 840
• 27.4 A Late Enlightenment machine de guerre : The Revue encyclopedique = 851
• 28 Bolivar and Spinoza = 859
• 28.1 Enlightenment Applied to Revolutionary Politics = 859
• 28.2 Philosophy of a Military Genius = 868
• 28.3 Triumph and Failure in Spanish America = 886
• 29 Marx and the Left's Turn from Radical Enlightenment to Socialism (1838-1848) = 898
• 30 Conclusion : The "Radical Enlightenment Thesis" and its Critics = 923
• Bibliography = 943
• Index = 1033