"周易"의 謙卦 연구 : 君子의 德의 실천을 중심으로 = A Study on the Modesty Virtue of The Chien Hexagram in the I Ching - Focusing on the Practice of Virtue -

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

A Study on the Modesty Virtue of The Chien Hexagram in the I Ching - Focusing on the Practice of Virtue - Ahn Young-shim Department of Korean Culture Graduate School of Wonkwang University This study examines the Qian Gua, or Modesty Hexagram, in the I Ching, focusing on its emphasis on virtue and its practical application. The Qian Gua represents the virtue of modesty, symbolized by the image of a mountain, originally high above the earth, now humbly situated beneath it. This hexagram conveys the notion that a lower position can encompass a higher one, and that true greatness lies in humility. The I Ching requires a holistic approach to understanding its卦爻辭(gua爻 辞) and 卦爻象(gua爻象). However, due to space limitations, this study focuses on the君子之德(junzhide) of the 15th hexagram, the Qian Gua. The I Ching is often referred to as "the learning of the junzi," and the Qian Gua's emphasis on modesty provides a compelling foundation for this study. The Qian Gua highlights the importance of recognizing one's innate nature bestowed by heaven and expressing it through the virtue of modesty. The practice of谦德(qiande) involves redistributing abundance, filling the empty from the full, and balancing extremes. It is a virtue that can cultivate individual character and counteract the rampant egoism of modern society. The I Ching's繫辭傳(Xicizhuan) presents the九德卦(jiudegua), nine virtues that a junzi should embody. The Qian Gua, representing modesty, serves as the "pillar" of these virtues.In the I Ching, the hexagrams representing virtue are: In the Nine Cardinal Virtues of the I Ching, each hexagram represents a fundamental aspect of virtue. Li (䷉) represents the foundation of virtue, embodying propriety and respect. Jian (䷎), the virtue of humility, serves as the pillar of virtue. Fu (䷗) signifies the restoration of one's true nature, the root of virtue. Heng (䷟) represents the steadfastness of virtue, embodying enduring perseverance. Sun (䷨) denotes the cultivation of virtue, emphasizing self-cultivation. Yi (䷩) represents the abundance of virtue, highlighting the beneficial nature of virtue. Kun (䷮) signifies the discernment of virtue, emphasizing the ability to distinguish between true and false virtue. Zheng (䷯) represents the fertile ground of virtue, embodying a never-ending source of virtue. Xun (䷸) denotes the refinement of virtue, emphasizing the practice of virtue through righteousness. This study focuses on the virtue of humility (谦卦, jiān guà) among these nine cardinal virtues, demonstrating its central importance. The Qian Gua also embodies the virtue of inclusivity. Just as a low-lying land can embrace a towering mountain, so too can disparate entities coexist harmoniously. This virtue calls upon individuals to recognize their place and embrace those around them. Practicing谦德(qiande) begins with recovering one's lost mind. True virtue stems from relentless self-reflection. The Qian Gua emulates the virtues of heaven and earth, with the towering mountain aspiring to heaven's virtue and the earth remaining true to its own. The君子(junzi) of the Qian Gua's九三(jiusān), the "Toiling Modesty," embodies these virtues. By practicing谦德(qiande) and upholding these virtues, a junzi can achieve harmony between superiors and inferiors, alleviate harm and promote benefit, and maintain virtue even in adversity. Ultimately, it is through谦德 (qiande) that a junzi can cultivate an inexhaustible wellspring of virtue and contribute to the grand harmony of heaven and earth. The Qian Gua's emphasis on modesty not only enhances one's character but also provides wisdom for navigating social responsibilities and profoundly influences one's life philosophy. Therefore, it is crucial to delve into the I Ching's Qian Gua to gain insights into life's wisdom and the true大道(daodao) of life.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논고는 󰡔주역󰡕을 텍스트로 하여 道와 그것의 실천인 德을 謙卦를 통해 살펴보았다. 특히 겸괘의 덕성인 겸손의 의미와 ‘君子의 덕’에 담긴 철학적 의의와 실천 방안에 대해 주목하였다. 덕과 지위가 있음에도 양보하는 것, 타인에게 어질고 덕으로써 진심으로 대하는 것을 ‘겸’이라고 한다. 겸괘는 본래 땅 위에 있는 산이 오히려 땅속에 엎드려 있는 모습인 ‘上地下山’의 형상으로서 낮은 땅이 높은 산을 품고 있는 모습이며, 높은 산이 낮은 땅 아래에 겸손하게 그쳐 있다는 뜻이다.
󰡔주역󰡕은 卦爻辭와 卦爻象을 모두 통찰적으로 접근해야 하는 학문이다. 그러나 64괘로 이루어진 괘의 의미를 설명하기에는 지면의 한계가 따른다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 제15괘인 ‘겸괘’의 군자의 덕에 한정하였다. 󰡔주역󰡕을 ‘君子之學’이라고도 부르기 때문에 여기에 관련된 겸괘의 논리는 연구의 당위성을 갖기 충분하다. 겸괘는 ‘겸손’이라는 덕목을 통해 도를 제시하여 하늘로부터 부여받은 본성을 깨닫고 이를 ‘謙德’으로써 실천 발휘할 것을 강조하였다.
겸덕의 소통과 실천 방식은 가득 찬 상태를 재분배하는 것인데, 많은 곳에서 덜어내어 적은 곳에 더하는 행위를 요구한다. 또한 겸덕은 높고 낮음, 많고 적음 등의 치우침을 저울질해서 平을 이루는 것이다. 아울러 ‘겸덕’이 한 개인의 덕목을 함양하고 나아가 현대 사회에 만연한 이기주의 풍토를 개선할 수 있는 덕목이 될 수 있다. 이를 󰡔주역󰡕 ｢繫辭傳｣에서는 ‘九德卦’를 통해 군자가 행해야 하는 아홉 가지 덕행으로 제시하였다. 즉, 구덕괘에서 履卦(䷉)는 덕의 ‘기초’로서 ‘례’, 謙卦(䷎)는 덕의 ‘자루’로서 ‘겸손’, 復卦(䷗)는 덕의 ‘근본’으로서 ‘본성의 회복’, 恒卦(䷟)는 덕의 ‘굳음’으로서 ‘항구한 지속성’, 損卦(䷨)는 덕의 ‘닦음’으로서 수신, 益卦(䷩)는 덕의 ‘넉넉함’으로서 덕의 유익함, 困卦(䷮)는 덕의 ‘분별’로서 덕의 유무를 판별하는 것, 井卦(䷯)는 덕의 ‘터전’으로서 마르지 않는 덕, 巽卦(䷸)는 덕의 ‘마름질’로서 의로움에 의한 덕의 실천을 뜻한다. 본 연구에서는 이 아홉 가지 덕행 중에서 ‘겸괘의 덕’이 중심추임을 입증했다.
또한, 겸괘는 ‘포용’의 미덕을 가지고 있다. 낮은 땅이 높은 산을 받아들이고, 높은 산이 낮은 땅속에 들어있는 모습이 바로 포용을 상징하는 것으로, 高下가 전혀 다른 두 대상이 함께 더불어 포용할 수 있는 것은 그 본질이 土로서 같기 때문이다. 더불어 살아가야 하는 현실에서 각자가 자신의 바른 자리를 지키고, 나아가 주위의 사람을 포용하라고 한 것은 우리가 가져야 할 미덕이며 군자라면 겸손을 바탕으로 한 포용의 미덕을 실천할 의무가 있다.
겸덕의 실천 방법 중 첫 번째로 중요한 것은 잃어버린 마음을 되찾는 일이다. 덕의 실천은 쉼 없는 자기성찰로부터 비롯된다. 겸괘는 천지의 덕을 닮아 높이 치솟은 산은 하늘의 덕을 지향하고, 땅은 그대로 땅의 덕을 지향한다. 겸괘 九三의 ‘勞謙’이 바로 천지의 대덕을 품고 있는 군자라 할 수 있다. 이와 같이 본성을 회복한 ‘勞謙君子’가 겸덕으로 예를 이행해 상하를 화합하고, 손익으로 해로움을 덜어내고 이로움을 채워서 곤궁함 속에서도 덕을 잃지 않고, 유지하면 권도로써 마르지 않는 덕의 우물을 베풀 수 있는 것이다. 나아가 겸손으로 ‘구덕괘’를 실천하면 천지의 대덕을 이루고, 평천하의 ‘평’을 이룰 수 있다.
겸손을 실천하면 자신의 품성을 향상시킬 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 사회관계에서 벌어지는 다양한 책임을 지혜롭게 해결할 수 있으며, 삶의 철학에도 지대한 영향을 미친다. 따라서 󰡔주역󰡕의 겸괘에서 인생의 지혜와 진리를 깨닫고, 참된 인생의 大道를 터득해야 할 것이다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序論 ············································································································ 1
• 1. 연구의 목적 ········································································································· 1
• 2. 선행연구 검토 ····································································································· 5
• 3. 연구의 방법 ········································································································· 7
• Ⅱ. 周易의 형성 과정과 체계 ································································ 11
• 1. 周易의 성립과 체계 ····················································································· 11
• 1) 주역의 시대적 배경과 저자 ··································································· 11
• 2) 주역의 체계 ······························································································· 14
• 3) 주역의 성격과 지위 ················································································· 16
• 2. 八卦의 형성 ······································································································· 19
• 1) 太極과 兩儀 ··································································································· 19
• 2) 四象과 八卦 ··································································································· 23
• 3) 先天八卦方位圖와 後天八卦方位圖····························································· 28
• 3. 64卦와 六爻의 형성 ························································································· 35
• 1) 64卦의 형성 원리 ························································································· 35
• 2) 六爻의 구조와 관계 ····················································································· 40
• 3) 64卦와 六爻의 적용······················································································· 45
• Ⅲ. 謙卦의 君子와 德의 논리 ·································································· 51
• 1. 謙卦 ｢大象傳｣의 君子와 德 ··········································································· 51
• 1) ｢大象傳｣의 의미와 君子 ············································································· 51
• 2) ｢大象傳｣의 ‘裒多益寡’와 ‘稱物平施’ ······················································· 57
• 3) 大有⋅謙⋅豫卦의 관계 ················································································· 62
• 2. 謙卦 下卦 爻辭의 의미와 변화 ····································································· 67
• 1) ‘謙謙’의 德······································································································· 68
• 2) ‘鳴謙’의 德······································································································· 72
• 3) ‘勞謙’의 德······································································································· 76
• 3. 謙卦 上卦 爻辭의 의미와 변화 ····································································· 81
• 1) ‘撝謙’의 德······································································································· 82
• 2) ‘不富以其鄰’의 德··························································································· 86
• 3) ‘鳴謙’의 德······································································································· 91
• Ⅳ. 九德의 실천 ··························································································· 96
• 1. 天地와 君子의 四德 실천 ··············································································· 96
• 1) 天地와 君子 개념··························································································· 96
• 2) 天地의 四德 실천························································································· 102
• 3) 君子의 四德 실천························································································· 107
• 2. 謙卦를 통한 九德의 실천 ············································································· 112
• 1) 九德卦의 의미 ····························································································· 116
• 2) 九德卦의 실천 ····························································································· 129
• 3) 謙卦와 九德卦······························································································· 142
• 3. 마음의 회복과 謙德의 중요성 再考 ··························································· 144
• 1) 求放心을 통한 마음의 회복 ······································································· 144
• 2) 謙德의 중요성 再考····················································································· 149
• 3) 謙卦와 巽卦의 德의 比較··········································································· 154
• Ⅴ. 結論 ······································································································· 157