近代における日本茶道批判 -小林一三と柳宗悦を中心に- = Modern Criticism of Japanese tea ceremony - Centered upon Ichizo Kobayashi and Soetsu Yanagi -

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

日本の茶道文化は、現在、国内外で日本を代表する生き た伝統文化として認知されている。それは、前近代に生成され た茶道文化が、近代化の過程で、西洋的な価値と邂逅する ことで露呈した問題点を、認識することによって国際化してきた からではなかろうか。本稿は、前近代において茶道文化が孕 んでいた問題点を、近代における茶道批判を通して明らかにし ようとしたものだ。 研究対象は、小林一三( 1 8 7 3 - 1 9 5 7 ） と柳宗悦 (1889-1961)とした。両者は、事業家で数寄者と宗教哲学者 で民芸運動家という全く異なった分野で活躍したが、当時の社 会に非常に大きな影響力があった。しかも、実際に茶会を主 催し、茶道が新たな方向転換を迫られた第二次世界大戦の 直後に、批判的な論攷を含む茶道論を執筆している点で共通 している。本稿では両者が主催した茶会と、論攷、つまり小林 は1945～1951年の間に執筆した『新茶道』、宗悦は1945～ 1950年代に「「茶」の病ひ」に代表される茶道論考を中心 に検討した。 その結果、両者は、まず、それぞれが既存の茶道の価値 基準にとらわれないユニークな茶会を行い、自らが目指す茶道 の形式を示した。次に、共に家元制度において家元の世襲を 封建遺制として批判し、世襲を止めるべきだと主張している点 で共通していた。また、箱書については、小林は経済的な面 に焦点をあて合理的な観点から批判し、柳は箱書そのものに 縛られず、器物自体を自分の眼で見ることの重要性を強調し た。このような小林と柳の言行は、茶道界ではタブーとされてい た家元制度とそれに派生する問題にメスを入れたものである。 以上のような批判は、小林は国民生活を向上し安泰させる 有益な方法として、柳は既成の価値にとらわれず自由に茶道を 楽しむことで、共に茶道を社会に普及させることを目指したもの であった。それは、即ち国際社会で通用する価値基準を備え るための指摘であり、茶道の国際化に間接的に貢献したと考 察できる。

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The tea culture of Japan is being internationally recognized as the representative of Japan’s continued traditions. That is because the premodern tea culture was reformed based on the criticisms it received during the modernization period. The purpose of this paper lies in examining the criticisms of Japanese tea culture during the modernization process.
First, focusing on the two characters Ichizo Kobayashi(1873-1957) Soetsu Yanagi (1889-1961) and the context of their tea ceremony, this paper analyzes their criticism about the tea ceremony. As it is well known, Ichizo Kobayashi is a lauded businessman who successfully executed the Hankyu Road urban renewal and founded the Takarazuka Revue Company, and a person who enjoyed tea culture as a hobby. After stepping down from public service on 1945, he wrote 『New Tea Ceremony』 (1952) for 6 years until 1951(72∼78 years old).
On the other hand, Soetsu Yanagi was religion philosopher and acted as a leader for the Mingei Movement. It was when he became 60 year old that he first became interest in the tea ceremony and sponsored tea ceremony party, and published 「『Tea』its illness」(1950), a series of books criticizing the tea during 1945∼1950.
As a result of the revision, they showed multiple common grounds in their critics. First, they were similar in that they implemented a unique tea ceremony that was free from the exisiting standard of teaism, and have suggested a self orientented model of tea ceremony. Next is on the criticism on Yiemotojedo. Although Yiemotojedo is a system of succeeding to the family business, under Yiemoto being the head of the school in teaism, both commonly contended that this should not be succeeded as a remains of feudalism. Also, they negatively commented on Hakogaki. Hakogaki is a method of writing, generally description written on a box’s surface-either front of back- about a concealed object’s owner, origin or name.
However during then, the price of tea cups which were signed by Yiemoto or those who were recognized by Yiemoto, became the economic interrelation between Yiemoto and the Tool makers, and raised the prices, which led to the tea ceremony becoming strictly for the higher class. Ichizo Kobayashi criticized focusing upon the economic side from a rational perspective and Soetsu Yanagi emphasized how tea ceremony should be valued without the interruptions or diversions to other values. While criticisms made by Yiemotojedo were easily dismissed, the opinions of the influential Ichizo Kobayashi and Soetsu Yanagi stirred upon much argument.
Ichizo Kobayashi pursused to use the tea ceremony as a positive way to enhance the well-being of the public, and Soetsu Yanagi aimed to supply the tea ceremony to the public by freely enjoying the tea ceremony without being restricted to established values. Also, their criticisms rooted from their interest towards Japanese culture, as they wanted the tea ceremony to conform to values of the international society. How their opinions were applied is a quest that should be solved through more research.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Matsui, Takeshi, "〈Soetsu Yanagi〉that I start from protection-of the citizen of Soetsu Yanagi Mingei" Satobun publication 2014

2 "http://www.mingeikan.or.jp/"

3 "http://www.hankyu-bunka.or.jp/"

4 "http://kobayashi-ichizo.com/"

5 Yanagi,Soetsu, "Yanagisetsu Tea Ceremony" Iwanami Bunko 1987

6 Hitoshi Takenaka, "Trial of Soetu Yanagi, people art, social theory-Cal chula study" Akashi publisher 1999

7 Kumakura, Isao, "The complete works of Soetu Yanagi17" Chikuma Shobō 1982

8 Kondo, Kyoji, "The complete works of Soetsu Yanagi17" Chikuma Shobō 1982

9 Yanagi, Soetsu, "The complete works of Soetsu Yanagi17" Chikuma Shobō 1982

10 Kobayashi, Ichizo, "The complete works of Ichizo Kobayashi, 1" Diamond company 1961

11 Nakami, Mari, "The Times and Thought of Yanagi Soetsu" Tokyo University Press 2003

12 Kumakura, Isao, "Tea ceremony of old tea ceremony now" Tankosha 1985

13 Suzuki, Koshi, "Tea ceremony of modern masters of tea ceremony" Tankosha 2000

14 Kumakura, Isao, "Tea ceremony of Sukisha" Kawachi publisher 1997

15 Tankosha Publishing Editorial department, "Tea ceremony magazine　Tanko, This tea ceremony 100years" Tankosha 2001

16 Kaisen, Iguchi, the Fukutaro Nagashima supervision, "Tea ceremony dictionary" Tankosha 1979

17 Toda,Katuhisa, "Tea and beauty" Kodansha Bunko 2000

18 Yanagi, Soetsu, "Tea and beauty" Kodansha Bunko 1982

19 Kumakura, Isao, "Study of the history of modern tea ceremony" Japanese broadcast publication association 1980

20 Nishiyama, Matunosuke, "Study of The iemoto" Yoshikawakōbunkan 1982

21 Kumakura, Isao, "Soetsu, Yanagi and Chanoyu" Kawahara shoten 79 (79): 2015

22 Kumakura, Isao, "Soetsu Yanagi,Tea Ceremony" Iwanami Bunko 1987

23 Kobayashi, Ichizo, "Sadō-ki　of　Mahayana Buddhism" Naniwa-sha 1976

24 Masao Nakamura, "Sadō Magazine" 79 (79): 2015

25 Tani,akira, "Japanese cultural history of masters of tea ceremony" Kodansha modern new book 2007

26 Kobayashi, Ichizo, "Ichizo Kobayashi diary l. 1" Bungeishunju 1991

27 Nishiyama, Matunosuke, "Development of The iemoto system" Yoshikawakōbunkan 1982

28 Kumakura, Isao, "Culture of tea ceremony and Ichizo Kobayashi" Itsuo Art Museum 2009

29 Itsuo Art Museum edition, Akiko Okada supervision, "Culture of tea ceremony and Ichizo Kobayashi"

30 Tsutsut, Hiroichi, "Culture of tea ceremony and Ichizo Kobayashi" Itsuo Art Museum 2009

31 Itsuo Art Museum, "Culture of tea ceremony and Ichizo Kobayashi" Itsuo Art Museum 10-, 2009

32 Toda, katsuhisa, "Art and literature and tea ceremony of modern times" Tankosha 1983

33 Kumakura,Isao, "A new tea ceremony" Kodansha 1986

34 Kobayashi, Ichizo, "A new tea ceremony" Kodansha 1986