Children's language and the language arts

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• PART ONE. PERSPECTIVES : LANGUAGE ARTS, LANGUAGE, AND LEARNING
• 1. The Language Arts Defined = 3
• An Overview of a Language Arts Program = 4
• Language Arts Classrooms = 6
• The Teacher and the Language Arts Program = 8
• Needed Directions in the Language Arts for the 1980s = 11
• Summary = 15
• Reference Notes = 15
• 2. Learning through Active Participation = 16
• Cognitive Organization and Adaptation = 17
• Cognitive Organization : Implications for Teaching and Learning = 19
• Stages of Intellectual Development = 19
• Developmental Stages : Implications for Teaching and Learning = 26
• The Development of Thinking Skills = 28
• Developing Skills of Critical Thinking = 35
• Summary = 36
• Understanding through Involvement = 36
• Reference Notes = 37
• 3. Describing Linguistic Variations = 38
• A Brief History of English = 39
• Concepts of Language = 46
• Functions of Language = 47
• Nonverbal Language = 49
• Dialects of English = 52
• Language Usage = 58
• Registers of Language = 62
• English as a Foreign Language = 63
• Summary = 64
• Understanding through Involvement = 64
• Reference Notes = 67
• 4. Acquiring Language = 68
• The Bases of Language Acquisition = 69
• Processing Language from the Environment = 72
• The Sequence of Language Acquisition = 76
• Patterns and Variations in Language Acquisition = 80
• The Acquisition of Two Languages : Bilingualism = 82
• Language Acquisition of Handicapped Children = 83
• Implications for Teaching = 85
• Summary = 91
• Understanding through Involvement = 91
• Reference Notes = 92
• PART TWO. LANGUAGE SKILLS : SUBSTANCE AND STRATEGIES
• 5. Extending Vocabulary = 97
• Aspects of Developing Vocabulary = 98
• Vocabulary and Concept Development = 101
• Methods of Teaching Vocabulary = 101
• Summary = 113
• Preliminary Learning Activities = 113
• Participation Activities = 114
• Appendix to Chapter 5 : Recipe for Pretzels = 114
• Reference Notes = 115
• 6. Considering Grammar = 116
• Kinds of Grammars = 117
• Grammatical Knowledge = 122
• Grammar in the Classroom = 122
• Summary = 130
• Preliminary Learning Activities = 130
• Participation Activities = 131
• Reference Notes = 132
• 7. Listening and Language = 133
• Kinds of Listening = 134
• Factors Affecting Listening = 135
• Cultural Differences in Listening = 135
• Teaching Listening = 136
• Raising the Quality of Children's Listening = 138
• Listening as a Thinking Skill = 140
• Television : Its Possibilities for Teaching Listening = 140
• Summary = 144
• Preliminary Learning Activities = 144
• Participation Activities = 145
• Reference Notes = 146
• 8. Oral Discourse - Discussing and Presenting = 148
• The Environment That Promotes Oral Language Skills = 151
• The Importance of Oral Discourse = 152
• Sharing = 153
• Discussing = 158
• Reporting = 160
• Storytelling = 166
• Supplemental Oral Language Skills = 167
• Summary = 175
• Preliminary Learning Activities = 175
• Participation Activities = 176
• Reference Notes = 176
• 9. Dramatic Expression = 178
• Forces Encouraging Dramatic Expression = 180
• Levels of Dramatic Expression = 182
• Forms of Dramatic Activities = 182
• Initiating Dramatic Expression = 186
• Criteria for Dramatic Expression = 189
• Skills Developed in Dramatics = 191
• Summary = 193
• Preliminary Learning Activities = 193
• Participation Activities = 197
• Reference Notes = 197
• 10. Written Discourse - Self-Expression and Communication = 198
• Purposes of Writing = 199
• Individualizing Writing Experiences = 200
• Some Research on Writing = 200
• The Writing Program : Philosophy and Planning = 201
• Motivating Writing = 202
• Developmental Trends in Writing = 213
• Imaginative Writing : Children's Stories = 216
• Writing Poetry = 221
• Informational Writing : Recording and Reporting = 236
• Personal Writing = 241
• Summary = 244
• Preliminary Learning Activities = 245
• Participation Activities = 246
• Appendix to Chapter 10 : Carlson Analytical Originality Scale = 247
• Reference Notes = 247
• 11. Supportive Writing Skills = 250
• Skill Development in Context = 251
• Mechanics of Writing : Punctuation and Capitalization = 254
• Spelling Instruction = 259
• Handwriting Instruction = 272
• Summary = 283
• Preliminary Learning Activities = 283
• Participation Activities = 285
• Appendix to Chapter 11 : Handwriting Models = 288
• Reference Notes = 290
• PART THREE. COMPONENTS : A COMPREHENSIVE LANGUAGE ARTS PROGRAM
• 12. Literature in the Language Arts = 293
• Language Development through Literature = 294
• Selecting Books for a Language-Based Language Arts Program = 297
• Establishing a Literature Program in the Elementary School = 302
• Summary = 314
• Appendix to Chapter 12 : Books in the Sample Literature Webs = 315
• Reference Notes = 316
• 13. Language-Based Development in Reading = 318
• The Psycholinguistic Viewpoint and the Teaching of Reading = 319
• The Language-Experience Approach to Reading = 321
• Comprehension : Reading and Retelling Experiences = 332
• Combining Language Experience with a Basal Reading Program = 335
• Summary = 337
• Appendix to Chapter 13 : Using a Language-Experience Checklist = 337
• Reference Notes = 338
• 14. Integrating the Language Arts = 340
• The Bases for Language Arts = 341
• An Integrated Experience in Language Arts = 342
• Twenty Questions to Answer about Your Language Arts Program = 347
• Involving Parents and Other Adults in the Language Arts Program = 348
• Summary = 350
• Appendix to Chapter 14 : Books in the Sample Topical Webs = 351
• Reference Notes = 352
• Acknowledgments = 353
• Index = 357