황일호의 충렬에 관한 문학적 형상화 양상 = Literary Representation of Hwang Il-ho's Loyalty and Martyrdom

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper analyzes how the 1641 death of Hwang Il-ho, the magistrate of Uiju, was transformed from a historical fact into a symbol of loyal martyrdom through literary representation. Initially, his death was recorded as a wrongful death [冤死], entangled in suspicions of poisoning the Qing envoy Mafuda and complications arising from his punishment of Choe Hyo-il's clan. However, by the late 17th century during King Sukjong's reign, led by Noron faction figures such as Song Si-yeol, his actions were reinterpreted as a practice of the ‘Revere the Ming’(尊周) ideology, reframing his death as martyrdom for the nation [死節]. This culminated in state-level veneration in 1711, marked by the posthumous bestowal of the title ‘Chungnyeol’ and his enshrinement in a Confucian academy.
By the mid-to-late 18th century, under the active patronage of Kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo, Hwang Il-ho's narrative expanded as he was incorporated into the broader group of pro-Ming righteous figures known as the ‘Seven Righteous Men of Gwanseo,’ alongside Choe Hyo-il and Cha Ye-ryang. Literary works like King Jeongjo's royally composed eulogy or Seong Dae-jung's ‘Biographies of the Seven Righteous Men’ dramatically shaped his loyalty by infusing historical records with imagination. However, this process also had the limitation of positioning Hwang Il-ho primarily in a supporting role within the narrative of Choe Hyo-il.
In conclusion, Hwang Il-ho's loyal martyrdom was a product born from the selective remembrance and literary rebirth of history. This was driven by the state and the literati class aiming to construct and internalize a tradition of pro-Ming loyalty and righteous integrity, against the backdrop of an identity crisis faced by Joseon after the Manchu invasions—the conflict between moral obligation to the fallen Ming and pragmatic adaptation to the reality of Qing hegemony.