Genetic Diversity of Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in the South and East Regions of Kazakhstan and Northwestern China

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

To date, there is no report on the genetic diversity of ticks in these regions. A total of 370 representative ticks from the south and east regions of Kazakhstan (SERK) and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) were selected for molecular comparison. A fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene, ranging from 631 bp to 889 bp, was used to analyze genetic diversity among these ticks. Phylogenetic analyses indicated 7 tick species including Hyalomma asiaticum, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma anatolicum, Dermacentor marginatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus turanicus and Haemaphysalis erinacei from the SERK clustered together with conspecific ticks from the XUAR. The network diagram of haplotypes showed that i) Hy. asiaticum from Almaty and Kyzylorda Oblasts together with that from Yuli County of XUAR constituted haplogroup H-2, and the lineage from Chimkent City of South Kazakhstan was newly evolved; and ii) the R. turanicus ticks sampled in Israel, Almaty, South Kazakhstan, Usu City, Ulugqat and Baicheng Counties of XUAR were derivated from an old lineage in Alataw City of XUAR. These findings indicate that: i) Hy. asiaticum, R. turanicus and Ha. erinacei shared genetic similarities between the SERK and XUAR; and ii) Hy. marginatum and D. reticulatus show differences in their evolution.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Turebekov N, "revalence of Rickettsia species in ticks including identification of unknown species in two regions in Kazakhstan" 12 : 197-, 2019

2 Zhou M, "olecular detection and genetic identification of Babesia bigemina, Theileria annulata, Theileria orientalis and Anaplasma marginale in Turkey" 7 : 126-134, 2016

3 Sheng J, "Tick distribution in border Oblasts of Northwestern China" 10 : 665-669, 2017

4 Apanaskevich DA, "The genus Hyalomma Koch, 1844. X. Redescription of all parasitic stages of H. (Euhyalomma) scupense Schulze, 1919 (=H. detritum Schulze) (Acari: Ixodidae) and notes on its biology" 57 : 69-78, 2010

5 Chandra S, "The brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu Roberts, 1965 across Australia: Morphological and molecular identification of R. sanguineus s.l. tropical lineage" 11 : 101305-, 2020

6 Kushimo, Omobolanle, "The Tick Genus Amblyomma in Africa:Phylogeny and Mutilocus DNA Barcoding"

7 Hanapia S, "Species diversity characteristics and conservation status in Xinjiang and Kazakhstan, China" 23 : 46-48, 2017

8 Guo LP, "Rickettsia raoultii in Haemaphysalis erinacei from marbled polecats, China-Kazakhstan border" 8 : 461-, 2015

9 Galina E. Zemtsova, "Phylogeography of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and its relationships with climatic factors" Springer Science and Business Media LLC 69 (69): 191-203, 2016

10 Bandelt HJ, "Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies" 16 : 37-48, 1999

11 Mihailovich SS, "Land border delimitation of Republic of Kazakhstan: practical knowledge of border policy formation" 2018 : 202-204, 2018

12 Yamanaka H, "Kazakhstani Native Cattle Reveal Highly Divergent mtDNA From Bos Taurus and Bos Indicus Lineages With an Absence of Bos Indicus Y Chromosome" 90 : 29-34, 2019

13 Wetjen M, "Genetic diversity and population structure of burbot Lota lota in Germany: Implications for conservation and management" 0 (0): 170-184, 2020

14 Tamura K, "Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees" 10 : 512-526, 1993

15 Cherednichenko A, "Environmental Problems of Central Asia and Their Economic, Social and Security Impacts. Tashkent, Uzbekistan" Springer 183-190, 2008

16 Librado P, "DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data" 25 : 1451-1452, 2009

17 Folmer O, "DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates" 3 : 294-299, 1994

18 Bismil'din FB, "Current malaria situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan" 181 : 24-33, 2001

19 Nurmakhanov T, "Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Kazakhstan (1948-2013)" 38 : 19-23, 2015

20 Puffenberger EG, "A missense mutation of the endothelin-B receptor gene in multigenic Hirschsprung's disease" 79 : 1257-1266, 1994