This study moves beyond conventional assessments of military power that emphasize material capabilities and quantitative logics associated with arms races, and instead focuses on how resources are institutionally and organizationally managed and trans...
This study moves beyond conventional assessments of military power that emphasize material capabilities and quantitative logics associated with arms races, and instead focuses on how resources are institutionally and organizationally managed and transformed into substantive outcomes. Whereas existing studies on military power have largely focused on predicting short-term battlefield performance based on tangible resources, this study argues that evaluating long-term political and military goal attainment requires reconceptualizing military effectiveness as a combination of goal-achievement capacity and transformation capability.
In this regard, military effectiveness is understood not merely as operational or tactical performance, but as an organizational capacity to convert resources into military power across a vertical hierarchy of military activity—political, strategic, operational, and tactical levels. To analyze this transformation process, the study proposes an integrated analytical framework that combines Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, Open Systems Theory, and the Resource-Based View (RBV), together with Millett’s hierarchical structure of military activity. Within this framework, civil–military relations, organizational culture, and governance are conceptualized as key intangible resources that shape military effectiveness through their interaction with multi-level military activities and are examined as core explanatory factors.
Empirically, the study examines the cases of Israel (the Yom Kippur War), Vietnam (the Sino–Vietnamese War), and India (the Kargil War), countries operating in challenging security environments similar to South Korea’s and demonstrating strong operational and tactical performance, yet facing difficulties in achieving sustainable security outcomes at the political and strategic levels. The analysis reveals that, despite their status as regional military powers, all three cases exhibit recurring patterns of “hierarchical disconnect,” in which lower-level military successes fail to translate into higher-level political and strategic effectiveness. This disconnect generates “structural asymmetry,” characterized by the coexistence of strengths and vulnerabilities across different levels of military activity that can be observed across the cases.
Applying the analytical framework to the South Korean military, the study finds that, by contrast, despite strong operational and tactical capabilities, structural limitations may be embedded in the transformation of military performance into political and strategic effectiveness. These limitations are associated with the underdevelopment of professional military ethos, rigid organizational culture, and insufficient coherence among military, domestic, and international governance structures. The findings suggest that strengthening balanced civil–military relations, fostering open and inclusive organizational culture, and enhancing the coherence of multi-level defense governance are critical conditions for improving military effectiveness.
By elucidating the mechanisms linking intangible resources, military activity, and military effectiveness, this study complements material-centric approaches to military power and arms competition. It contributes theoretically by conceptualizing intangible resources not as isolated variables, but as structural and transformational mechanisms operating across multiple levels of military activity and seeks to extend the analytical scope of existing research. At the policy level, the study offers implications for professionalization, organizational reform, and defense governance in the South Korean context. Nonetheless, limitations related to access to primary data, case-specific depth, and model refinement remain, indicating the need for future research employing broader data sources and mixed-method approaches to enhance explanatory power and generalizability.