환경 연구와 기술 규제, 의도된 긴장과 전략적 공존, 1969-1973: 미국 환경 보호청(U.S. EPA)의 설립과 연방 환경 연구 센터 활동을 중심으로 = Designed Tensions and Strategic Coexistence between Health Research and Technology-based Regulation:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the National Environmental Research Centers, 1969-1973

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Most scholarly inquiries into the EPA and environmental policy have emphasized overtly political and legal aspects. I argue that scientists and engineers developed their own approaches to cutting-edge environmental problems and contributed to the engineering approaches in environmental research and policy. In 1970, President Richard Nixon decided to establish the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as an independent regulatory agency following the recommendation of the Presidential commission. EPA’s first administrator William Ruckelshaus believed that the new agency should include both regulation and research functions under ongoing tension. By creating the Office of Research and Monitoring, restructuring media-based units into function-based offices, and reorganizing existing labs into National Environmental Research Centers, Ruckelshaus and his first research head Stanley Greenfield strategically used two approaches, community health-based and control technology based, to define environmental problems, conduct research, and regulate the polluters. Reviewing its diverse traditions, micro-organizational history, and the two competing approaches provides a basis upon which to understand the EPA’s role in environmental policy and social regulation. The coexistence of these two approaches shaped the EPA as an agency that contributed to the enhancement of public health, the support of environmental science and engineering, and the betterment of environmental quality.