This thesis focused on the study of amendment negotiation of the current Korea-U.S. Tax Treaty. The study topic consists of i) the prevention of treaty shopping, ii) treaty override and iii) the establishment of negotiation strategy through the analyt...
This thesis focused on the study of amendment negotiation of the current Korea-U.S. Tax Treaty. The study topic consists of i) the prevention of treaty shopping, ii) treaty override and iii) the establishment of negotiation strategy through the analytical study on the individual provisions of the Tax Treaty.
For the study, this thesis considered the economic situation of Korea and the United States during the period which is to be affected by the Korea-U.S. Tax Treaty after its amendment and took a study approach of discussing related issues by focusing on the legislation technique and negotiation approach. Further, it presented a study approach which should be considered in concluding or amending a tax treaty with other countries in the future.
First, after all Articles of the current Korea-U.S. Tax Treaty are categorized into 3 groups, its necessity of amendment, related problems and solutions are discussed. The key points are summarized as follows:
Although the provisions related to general rule and mutual cooperation have not brought out any big problems since the conclusion of the Treaty, what is necessary in terms of definition of terms, if any, is to more clearly define terms such as "enterprise", "international traffic" and "business" following the example of the OECD Model Tax Convention. In addition, as the international cooperation between contracting states is being strengthened, it would be desirable to promptly resolve the tax disputes by enlarging the scope of mutual agreement, protect the secret information of a taxpayer and a contracting state by more clearly defining the concept of information which is subject to the “exchange of information” provision, and make smooth the tax collection assistance process by clarifying the concepts such as "measures of conservancy", "time limit" and "priority".
With regard to the provisions related to taxing rights of the current Treaty, what is required, if any, is to more clearly define the legal concept of a resident following an example of the OECD Model Tax Convention in order to minimize a tax conflict and complement the current provisions by studying how to define the residency of a fiscally transparent entity in order to prevent tax-avoidance activity. Also, since current provisions concerning dividend, interest and royalty do not use the beneficial owner concept, it can become a cause of tax-avoidance activities. Thus, these provisions should be complemented.
On the other hand, the provisions related to anti-tax avoidance have many problems. Thus, the actual treaty shopping cases are minutely studied and the effect of the amended U.S.-Japan Tax Treaty anti-avoidance rules is reviewed by applying its "beneficial owner" and "limitation on benefit" provisions to the actual treaty shopping cases. The study result is summarized as follows:
i) Since the current Korea-U.S. Tax Treaty cannot prevent the tax avoidance activities which derives from the increasing international transactions, there should be strengthened the current anti-avoidance rule. ii) In order to prevent the tax avoidance activities, the new Treaty should reflect the "beneficial owner" and "limitation on benefit" provisions of the amended U.S.-Japan Tax Treaty. iii) In order to prevent the tax avoidance activities through roundabout transactions which are not controlled by a tax treaty, it is necessary to conclude an elaborate tax treaty of global level and improve the domestic tax laws.
Second, in order to eliminate a dispute between contracting states which is taking place due to treaty override, this thesis established a reasonable principle to ascertain a true treaty override activity. According to this principle, only where the new legislation which is not accordance with the purpose of a tax treaty unilaterally infringes upon the taxing rights of other contracting state and significantly hampers the legal stability, must it be treated as a treaty override legislation which violates the Vienna Convention. On the other hand, where the new legislation which is accordance with the purpose of a tax treaty is enforced, it must not be treated as a treaty override action.
Third, the detailed analysis on each Article is based on the comparative study of the 2003 U.S.-Japan Tax Treaty, the US Model and the OECD Model. As a result of this analytical study on each Article, this thesis ascertains the related problems and presents the desirable approach toward the amendment of the current Treaty.
Last, in relation to the desirable negotiation approach of amending a tax treaty, there is emphasized a necessity to consider the application of the protocol exchange approach to an individual provision for the effective amendment negotiation.