SDGs시대 글로벌 STI 개발협력의 변화 추세 분석

국문 초록 (Abstract)

□ 연구의 배경
○ 국제개발협력 패러다임의 변화
- 지속가능발전목표(Sustainable Development Goals: SDGs) 채택되며 개발
협력 패러다임의 다각적 변화
자료: 박수영 외(2015), 김태균(2019a) 참조 및 저자 작성
□ 연구의 필요성
○ 국내의 국제개발협력 관심 증대와 ODA 지원 확대
- 문재인 대통령 UN 총회연설(2019. 9.), 2030년까지 ODA 규모 2배 이상 확대
- 한-아세안 정상회의(2019. 11.), 신 남방 ODA 2022년까지 2배 이상 확대(2017년
대비)
○ 한국형 지속가능발전목표 ‘K-SDGs’ 도입
MDGs(2000-2015) 국제개발협력 SDGs(2016-2020)
개도국의 경제발전과 복지 향상 목적 인류 모두를 위한 지속가능발전
개도국 대상 전 인류 모든 국가(선진국+개도국)
빈곤퇴치 주요 이슈 국제사회가 직면한 공동의 문제(예. 기후변화)
공여국-수원국 참여자들의 관계 공동 파트너십
정부(공여국·수원국), 국제기구 개발 주체 비정부단체 역할 증대(개인재단, NGOs,
공공-민간 파트너십 등)
ODA 중심 재원 조달 국내공공재원(조세), 국제공공재원(ODA,
OOFs), 혁신적 재원, 민간재원 등
빈곤, 의료·공중보건, 교육, 양성평등 주요 분야 경제, 사회, 환경(과학기술, 기후환경
역할 증대)
<표 1> 국제개발협력 패러다임 변화 ii SDGs 시대 글로벌 STI 개발협력의 변화 추세 분석
- 과학기술혁신 관련 지표는 주로 K-SDGs 목표 9번인 ‘사회기반시설 구축, R&D 확대 및 경제성장’에 해당
○ 개발협력과 STI for SDGs 관련 국내 논의 - 과기정통부(2018. 11.), ｢글로벌 동반 신성장을 위한 과학기술 ODA 활성화 방안｣ - 외교부·과기정통부(2019. 10.), ｢혁신적 포용국가를 위한 과학기술외교 전략｣ - 과학기술혁신 개발협력에 대한 정책적 수요는 증가하나, 이를 뒷받침할 기초조
사 연구는 미비한 상태
○ 개발협력계는 SDGs 이행을 위한 과학기술혁신의 역할에 주목
- BAU로는 세계 빈곤율 분포의 불균형 해결하는 데 한계가 있음
- 과학기술혁신이 주도하는 사회 전환에 기대
- 개발협력 패러다임 변화에 따른 STI 개발협력에서의 변화 분석과 글로벌 동향
조사가 필요
□ 연구 방법
○ 연구 질문: SDGs 시대에 혁신적으로 추구되고 있는 STI 개발협력은 무엇인가?
○ 연구 목표: SDGs 도입 이후 기존의 과학기술 ODA 방식과는 차별화되어 새롭게
시도되는 혁신적 STI 개발협력 활동의 동향 및 STI for SDGs 이머징 시그널 분석
○ STI 개발협력의 개념: 과학기술혁신 분야의 개도국 및 글로벌 지속가능발전을
목표로 하는 국제개발협력 활동
○ STI for SDGs 개념: STI를 핵심수단으로 이용하여 SDGs 달성하려는 국제사회
논의 및 활동
○ 분석 대상: 신기술 활용, 새로운 활동 주체의 참여를 중심으로 혁신적 방식으로
추진하는 STI for SDGs 국제협력사업요 약 iii
○ 자료 수집 방법: 국내외 전문가 인터뷰 및 제공받은 최신 사업 정보, 웨비나 전문
가 행사 참여를 통한 전문가 발표 및 논의 자료 수집
○ 분석 방법: 콘텐츠 분석 수행을 통해 최신 사업의 목적, 해결하고자 하는 문제, 성과 지표, 파트너 기관, 자원 조달, 협력 내용, STI 역할 등을 중심으로 분석하
여 STI for SDGs 개념적 프레임워크를 귀납적으로 도출
□ STI 개발협력 패러다임 변천의 주요 내용 비교
MDGs(2000-2015)
패러다임 하의 STI 개발협력 구분 SDGs(2016-2030)
패러다임 하의 STI 개발협력
개도국 빈곤퇴치 및 경제개발 목표 전 인류(개도국+선진국)가 직면한
글로벌 도전과제 해결
공중보건, 교육, 양성평등 주요 분야
에너지·물·기후환경을 포함한
전 SDGs 분야의
과학기술적 요소 및 역할 강조
ODA를 통한 인프라 및 장비 지원, 적정기술, 기술이전 유형
과학기술혁신 전 주기적 파트너십
(예: 공동 R&D, 글로벌 리빙랩, 해외 테스트베드
이용을 통한 공동 기술사업화)
공적개발원조(ODA) 주요
통계지표
글로벌 지속가능발전을 위한
총 공적 지원(TOSSD)
일방향
(공여국에서 수혜국으로) 자원 흐름 다양한 형태의 양방향 자원 교류
(interactions)
공공
(정부, 국제기구) 주체 공공+민간
(예: 기업, 민간재단, 대학, 전문가)
미비 신기술
적용 수요 및 공급 사례 증가
○ 이머징 시그널: 첨단 기술 활용과 새로운 활동 주체 참여
자료: 박수영·조한슬(2015), Fukuda(2016) 참고하여 저자 작성, 재원조달 부분은 김태균(2019a) 인용iv SDGs 시대 글로벌 STI 개발협력의 변화 추세 분석
□ STI for SDGs 국제 논의 및 활동
○ STI for SDGs 개념: STI를 핵심 수단으로 이용하여 SDGs 달성하려는 국제사회
논의 및 활동
○ 정부, 학계, 기업 등 다양한 이해관계자들의 참여를 가속화
○ STI for SDGs는 STI와 SDGs의 교집합에 해당하는 영역으로, 기존에는 주로
개발협력계 관점에서 STI 활동을 찾아냈지만 STI 관점에서 개발협력 관련 활동
을 찾고 SDGs 달성에 기여할 수 있는 방안을 모색할 필요
- 해외 주요국의 부처별 예산을 비교분석 시, 과학기술 관련 부처의 ODA성 예산이
개발협력계의 과학기술 분야 ODA 예산보다 훨씬 규모가 큼
- SDGs 달성을 위한 과학기술혁신, ‘STI for SDGs’의 효과적인 이행을 위해서는
국가 경제, 개발협력, 과학기술혁신 세 분야의 정책적 노력이 필요
[그림 1] STI for SDGs 주요 행위자
자료: 연구진 작성
○ 기술촉진메커니즘(Technology Facilitation Mechanism: TFM) - STI for SDGs 의제를 주도하는 UN TFM의 역할은 IATT(UN Interagency
Task Team on STI for SDGs)와 10인의 전문가그룹, STI Forum, 온라인
플랫폼 등을 운영요 약 v
- IATT는 최근 STI for SDGs 로드맵 가이드라인 발표, SDGs 맥락에서 신기술과
젠더 이슈에 대한 국제 논의를 주도함
□ STI for SDGs 개념적 프레임워크(Conceptual Framework) 도출
자료: 연구진 작성
○ STI 활동의 주요 목적과 추진 정책
- 과학지식 생산 및 기술 발전: R&D 중심의 과학기술정책, STI 정책
- 국가의 산업 및 경제 발전: 산업·경제정책, STI 정책
- 국제사회 인도적 지원: ODA 중심의 외교정책
- “글로벌 도전과제 해결(SDGs시대에 STI의 주요 목적으로 부상함)”
[그림 2] STI for SDGs 개념적 프레임워크vi SDGs 시대 글로벌 STI 개발협력의 변화 추세 분석
○ STI for SDGs 특성 - 개도국과 선진국 모두 포함한 인류 모두를 위한 상호 호혜성 - 일차적 성과 범위와 파급 효과는 특정 국가에 국한되지 않고 국제사회 전체
- 하나의 추진 경로가 아닌, 다양한 추진 경로가 존재함
○ STI for SDGs 추진 경로별 STI 역할
- STI as solution: 특정 문제 해결을 위한 솔루션 제공
- STI as tool(인도적 지원): 개발협력 사업의 효과성 및 효율성 증진을 위한 도구
- STI as tool(산업경제발전): 참여자들의 경제적 발전과 이익(interests) 창출을
위한 도구
- STI as information: 과학지식 생산과 기술발전 연구개발을 위한 기본적 정보
수집 및 제공
□ STI for SDGs 추진 경로별 주요 키워드 및 시사점
○ STI as solution
- 명확하고 구체적인 문제가 제시되어야 함
-기술을 소유한 민간기업과 과기 전문그룹의 기술 확장성 및 신속한 대응 능력 중요
○ STI as tool(인도적 지원) - 과기 전문그룹, 민간 데이터·기술 기업과 개발협력 전문가 그룹의 활발한 교류
와 원활한 소통이 중요
- 국제기구들은 상시적 협력과 아이디어 교환을 위해 플랫폼, 파트너십 사업을 운
영 중임요 약 vii
○ STI as tool(산업경제발전) - 참여자들의 이익(interests) 발견 및 정의가 중요
- 기술혁신과 개발협력 공동의 호혜적 모델 도출 필요
○ STI as information
- 오리지널 데이터와 샘플 확보가 가능한 네트워크 수립이 핵심
- 글로벌 네트워크 혹은 첨단기술장비(인공위성)를 활용한 수집이 가능
□ STI for SDGs 국내 정책적 시사점
○ STI for SDGs 추진 경로별 차별화된 정책과 사업 기획이 필요
○ SDGs는 ODA를 넘어선 다양한 과기분야의 국제협력으로 인식 필요
- 개도국 대상 과기협력과 선진국 대상 과기협력의 구분 모호해짐
- SDGs 달성을 위한 첨단기술 활용방안 모색을 통해 호혜적 사업모델 도출 가능
○ STI for SDGs 활성화를 위해선 공익을 위한 데이터 공유와 최신 기술 분야의
고급 전문 인력 확보가 숙제임

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 요 약 ············································································································i
• 제1장 서론 ···································································································1
• 제1절 연구의 배경 ·····················································································1
• 1. SDGs 도입과 국제개발협력 패러다임 변화 ··············································1
• 2. SDGs와 STI 개발협력 ·············································································2
• 제2절 연구의 필요성 ·················································································3
• 1. SDGs 체제 내에서 STI 개발협력 역할 연구 ············································3
• 2. SDGs와 K-SDGs ·····················································································5
• 제3절 연구 방법 ······················································································9
• 제4절 연구 구성 ······················································································19
• 1. 연구의 구성 ···························································································19
• 제2장 STI 개발협력 논의와 발전 사례 ··············································21
• 제1절 STI 개발협력 담론 ········································································21
• 1. 주요 경제성장 이론 ··············································································21
• 2. 근대화 이론(Modernization Theory)과 세계체제 이론(World-Systems
• Theory) ································································································26
• 3. 신제도주의 경제(New Institutional Economics) 이론 ························28
• 4. 인간 중심의 개발 ·················································································30
• 5. 국제개발협력 패러다임 변화 및 기술협력 ··············································31
• 6. 공여국 외교적 수단으로서의 STI 개발협력 ············································37
• 7. 공동 문제 해결을 위한 STI 개발협력 ····················································41
• 제2절 STI 개발협력의 기원과 발전 ·························································471. 영국 ·······································································································47
• 2. 미국 ·····································································································57
• 제3장 글로벌 STI 개발협력 최신 동향 ·············································65
• 제1절 STI 개발협력 변화와 이머징 시그널 ·············································65
• 1. 개발협력계의 STI 주목 ··········································································65
• 2. 주요국의 STI 개발협력 지원 ··································································68
• 3. STI for SDGs 국제 논의 및 추진 현황 ················································71
• 4. STI 개발협력 비교: MDGs vs. SDGs ···················································78
• 제2절 국제기구 ························································································80
• 1. 유엔개발계획(United Nations Development Programme: UNDP) ···80
• 2. 유엔교육과학문화기구(United Nations Education, Scientific and
• Cultural Organization: UNESCO) ····················································84
• 3. 세계은행(World Bank: WB) ·································································88
• 4. 유엔 아시아태평양 경제사회위원회(United Nations Economic and
• Social Commission for Asia Pacific: UNESCAP) ····························94
• 제3절 주요국 ···························································································99
• 1. 미국 ·······································································································99
• 2. 영국 ·····································································································107
• 제4절 비영리단체 ··················································································120
• 1. 게이츠 재단 ·························································································120
• 2. 세계경제포럼(WEF) 4차산업혁명센터(Centre for 4IR) ·······················127
• 제5절 민간기업 ······················································································135
• 1. Philips사의 아프리카 의료지원 ···························································138
• 2. Microsoft사의 AI for Good ······························································140
• 3. KT사의 GEPP ·····················································································143
• 4. Medical IP ·························································································1465. 쉐어라이트 ···························································································149
• 제4장 STI for SDGs 개념적 프레임워크 ······································151
• 제1절 STI for SDGs 개념적 프레임 도출 방법 ····································151
• 1. STI for SDGs와 개발협력 ·································································151
• 2. STI for SDGs 활동내용 유형화 ··························································151
• 제2절 STI for SDGs 개념적 프레임 도출 ···········································156
• 1. STI for SDGs 개념적 프레임워크 ·······················································156
• 2. STI for SDGs 사업별 활동 주체와 STI의 역할 ··································160
• 제3절 STI for SDGs 개념적 프레임과 STI 역할 분석 ·························162
• 1. STI as Solutions ················································································162
• 2. STI as Tool ························································································164
• 3. STI as Information ···········································································166
• 제5장 결론 및 정책적 시사점 ····························································169
• 1. 연구의 결론 ························································································169
• 2. 정책적 시사점 ······················································································171
• 참고문헌 ··································································································173
• 부록 ·········································································································183
• Summary ·····························································································197
• Contents ·····························································································199