『무량수경』의 “자연” 개념과 그 격의성 = The Concept of “Ziran” and Matching Concepts in the Larger Sukhavati - vyuha Sutra

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Larger Sukhavati - vyuha Sutra (The Sutra on the Buddha of Eternal Life) is a Buddhist sutra that was translated several times in ancient China. However, in the process of translation, some contents not included in the original text got added at times. The translators and their Chinese cooperators often reflected the thoughts and religious sentiments of the contemporary Chinese. It becomes particularly evident with a few concepts. In this paper, I would like to confirm this through the concept of “ziran (nature)” that appears in the Larger Sukhavati - vyuha Sutra. Ziran was a conceptual apparatus that was used in understanding the world and human during the period of Wei and Jin Dynasties. The translators of the Larger Sukhavati - vyuha Sutra actively utilized this concept as a Buddhist terminology. From this, the meaning of matching concepts that are operating in the Larger Sukhavati - vyuha Sutra can also be grasped. In the section of “three poisons and five thieves,” the sutra did present the Taoist notion of “wu wei ziran (the nature that does not do / force)” as something similar to the Buddhist notion of nirvana, but, overall, “ziran” is emphasized more as the law of karmic retribution. Also, in order to observe the law of karmic retribution, religious notions rooted in Chinese tradition, such as tiandi shenming (gods of heaven and earth) and riyue xingchen (the sun, the moon and the stars) gets brought into the sutra. Not only that, but Confucian sense of ethics can also be seen in it. In particular, the version of Larger Sukhavati - vyuha Sutra translated by Sanghavarman, while maintaining the basic structure of Buddhist theory of karma and the rebirth in Pure Land, brought in diverse concepts that are traditionally Chinese. This could be understood as the use of matching concepts in the Larger Sukhavati - vyuha Sutra.

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