Fundamentals of structured COBOL programming

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xv
• Acknowledgments = xviii
• 1 An Overview of COBOL Programming = 1
• Introduction = 2
• Introduction to Programming = 2
• Analysis = 2
• Design = 2
• HIPO Charts = 4
• Flowcharts = 5
• Program Development = 6
• Testing = 10
• Implementation = 10
• Acceptance By Management／User = 10
• Introduction COBOL = 10
• General Description of COBOL = 10
• Popularity of COBOL = 12
• COBOL As a Common Language = 13
• Advantages of COBOL = 13
• Disadvantages of COBOL = 14
• Objectives of COBOL = 14
• The Compiler = 15
• Checking the Program = 16
• Divisions of COBOL = 16
• Identification Division = 18
• Environment Division = 18
• Data Division = 18
• Procedure Division = 18
• Writing the First COBOL Program = 18
• Coding Form = 19
• An Address-Listing Program for Study = 23
• Summary = 25
• 2 Writing COBOL programs = 30
• Introduction = 31
• Reference Formal = 31
• COBOL Program Sheet Format = 31
• Reference format Representation = 32
• Sequence Number(1-6) = 32
• Continuation Indicator／Hyphen(-) = 32
• Words and Numeric Literal Continuation = 32
• Nonnumeric Literal Continuation = 33
• Comment Line = 34
• How Elements Are Written in Entries (Positions 8-72) = 34
• Spacing between Elements = 34
• Rules for program Entries = 34
• Identification Code (73-80) = 35
• Blank Lines = 36
• Program Structure = 36
• Divisions = 36
• Sections = 36
• Paragraphs = 37
• Entries = 37
• Terms = 38
• Names = 38
• Types of Names = 39
• Data-Names = 39
• Paragraph-Names = 39
• Section-Names = 39
• Qualification of Data-Names = 39
• Words = 41
• Reserved Words = 41
• Interpretation of Words Used in COBOL Statements = 42
• Constants = 43
• Literals = 43
• Numeric Literal = 44
• Nonnumeric Literal = 44
• Figurative Constants = 45
• Punctuation Characters = 45
• Separators = 46
• Statements and Sentences = 46
• Imperative Statements = 46
• Conditional Statements = 47
• Compiler-Directing Statements = 47
• Writing a COBOL Program Using Files = 47
• Identification Division = 47
• Environment Division = 48
• Data Division = 48
• Procedure Division = 49
• Summary = 50
• 3 Identification and Environment Divisions = 58
• Identification Division = 59
• Structure = 59
• Environment Division = 61
• Configuration Section = 61
• Input-Output Section = 62
• FILE-CONTROL Paragraph = 63
• I-O-CONTROL Paragraph = 64
• Summary = 65
• 4 Data Division = 70
• Introduction = 71
• Units of Data Terminology = 71
• Logical Record and File Concept = 73
• Physical Aspects of a File = 74
• Conceptual Characteristics of a File = 74
• Organization = 75
• Data Description = 75
• File Section = 76
• File Description Entry = 76
• Level Indicator = 76
• File-Name = 77
• BLOCK CONTAINS Clause = 77
• RECORD CONTAINS Clause = 78
• LABEL RECORDS Clause = 78
• VALUE OF Clause = 78
• DATA RECORDS Clause = 79
• Record Description Entry = 79
• Level Numbers = 81
• Data-Name or FILLER = 83
• USAGE Clause = 84
• PICTURE Clause = 87
• VALUE Clause = 98
• CONDITION-NAME Clause = 100
• Working-Storage Section = 101
• Structure = 101
• Summary = 103
• Illustrative Program : Accounts Receivable Problem = 108
• 5 Structured Programming = 130
• Introduction = 131
• Objectives = 131
• Structure = 132
• GO TO-Less Programming = 134
• Program Design and Implementation = 135
• Top-Down Design = 135
• Program Design = 136
• Design Procedure = 141
• Creating Structured Charts = 141
• Module Numbers = 141
• Indentation = 142
• Advantages = 142
• Using Pseudo Code = 143
• Language Implementation = 146
• COBOL Implementation of Structured Programming = 147
• Basic Control Logic Structures = 147
• Coding Standards = 149
• Program Organization = 149
• Coding Line Spacing = 149
• Module Size = 150
• Indenting and Formatting Standards = 150
• Characteristics of Structured COBOL Programming = 151
• Conclusions = 151
• Inventory Control Problem Using Structured Design = 151
• Problem Statement = 151
• Functional Requirement Specifications = 151
• Record Layouts = 152
• Transaction Record (Transaction for a Product) = 152
• I-S Record (Master Record for Each Product) = 152
• Order Status Listing = 152
• Summary = 157
• Illustrative Program : Two-Level Control Total Processing／Inquiry Response Application = 159
• 6 Procedure Division : Input／Output Operations = 181
• Introduction = 182
• Units of Data = 182
• Procedure = 182
• Statement = 182
• Imperative Statement = 186
• Conditional Statement = 186
• Compiler-Directing Statement = 186
• Sentence = 187
• Paragraph = 187
• Sections = 188
• Summary : Organization of the Procedure Division = 189
• COBOL Verbs = 190
• Input／Output Verbs = 190
• OPEN Statement = 191
• READ Statement = 192
• WRITE Statement = 193
• CLOSE Statement = 196
• ACCEPT Statement = 198
• DISPLAY Statement = 199
• MOVE Statement = 200
• PERFORM Statement = 207
• DOWHILE Program Structure = 207
• Basic PERFORM - Format-1 = 209
• TIMES-Format-2 = 211
• UNTIL-Format-3 = 212
• Summary = 214
• Summary : COBOL Verbs = 216
• Illustrative Programs : Simple Listing - Transaction Register = 217
• 7 Procedure Division : Arithmetic Operations = 234
• Introduction = 235
• Arithmetic Actions = 235
• Methods of Computation = 236
• Arithmetic Statements = 237
• Common Options = 237
• ROUNDED Option = 238
• SIZE ERROR Option = 239
• Common Features = 240
• ADD Statement = 240
• SUBTRACT Statement = 242
• MULTIPLY Statement = 244
• DIVIDES Statement = 246
• COMPUTE Statement = 249
• Exponentiation = 250
• Arithmetic Expressions = 252
• Arithmetic Operators = 252
• Formulation and Evaluation = 253
• Evaluation Rules = 254
• Summary = 254
• Summary : CONTROL Verbs = 256
• Illustrative Program : Simple Calculations Accumulating Final Totals-Transaction Register／Accumulating Final Totals-Deduction Register = 258
• 8 Procedure Division : Sequence control Statements = 275
• Introduction = 276
• Conditional Procedures = 276
• Flow of Control = 276
• Starting Point = 276
• Sequence = 276
• Conditional Expressions = 276
• Simple Conditions = 277
• The IFTHENELSE Program Structure - Coding Rules = 280
• Relation Conditions = 282
• Comparison of Numeric Operands = 283
• Comparison of Nonnumeric Operands = 284
• Class Condition = 286
• Sign Condition = 287
• Condition-Name Condition = 288
• Compound Conditional Expressions = 290
• Negated Simple Conditions = 290
• Nested Conditional Expressions = 291
• Abbreviated Combined Relation Conditions = 298
• Implied Subjects = 298
• Implied Operators = 299
• Multiple Abbreviations = 299
• Use of NOT in Abbreviations = 300
• GO TO, PERFORM, and STOP Statements = 300
• GO TO Statement = 301
• CASE Program Structure = 302
• CASE Structure = 302
• GO TO…DEPENDING ON Option = 304
• EXIT Statement = 306
• Use of PERFORM, GO TO, and EXIT Statements = 307
• STOP Statement = 308
• SUMMARY = 308
• Summary : COBOL Verbs = 310
• Illustrative Program : Payroll Register Problem = 312
• 9 Procedure Division : Data Manipulation Statements = 335
• Introduction = 336
• EXAMINE Statement = 336
• INSPECT Statement = 341
• Differences between EXAMINE and INSPECT Statements = 341
• STRING and UNSTRING Statements = 346
• STRING Statement = 346
• Explanation of the STRING Statement = 347
• UNSTRING Statement = 351
• Explanation of the UNSTRING Statement = 351
• Summary = 356
• Summary : COBOL Verbs = 358
• Illustrative Program : Control Levels - Group Indication - Transaction Register = 359
• 10 Table Handling = 375
• Introduction = 376
• Tables = 380
• Arrays = 381
• When to Use an Array Instead of a Table = 382
• Tables and Arrays = 382
• Description of Table Handling = 384
• Table Definition = 384
• Data Division for Table Handling = 385
• OCCURS Clause = 385
• DEPENDING ON Option = 387
• KEY Option = 388
• INDEXED BY Option = 388
• USAGE IS INDEX Clause = 388
• REDEFINES Clause = 390
• Procedure Division for Table Handling = 392
• PERFORM Statement = 392
• VARYING and AFTER Options = 393
• Reference to Table Items = 398
• Referencing Table = 398
• Rule for Subscripting and Indexing = 399
• Subscripting = 399
• Indexing = 402
• Table Loading = 404
• Initial Values of Tables = 405
• Table Searching = 413
• Relation Condition = 413
• SEARCH Statement = 413
• Serial SEARCH Statement = 414
• Procedure for SEARCH Statement - Format 1 = 415
• Binary SEARCH Statement = 420
• Procedure for SEARCH Statement - Format 2 = 421
• SET Statement = 424
• Uses of the SET Statement = 424
• Restrictions on Table Values = 424
• Format 1 = 425
• Format 2 = 426
• Summary = 433
• Illustrative Programs : Subscript Problem ／ Alternating Tables - Table Lookup - Tax Deduction Report ／ Sales Report = 437
• 11 Sort-Merge Feature = 479
• Introductory Concepts = 480
• Sorting = 480
• Merging = 480
• Ordering = 480
• Description of Sort-Merge = 480
• Record Ordering = 480
• Relationship with File Input-Output = 481
• Program Organization = 481
• SORT Statement = 482
• Basic Elements of the Sort Feature = 482
• Environment Division for Sort-Merge／Input-Output Section = 484
• FILE-CONTROL Paragraph = 484
• I-O-CONTROL Paragraph = 485
• Data Division for Sort-Merge = 486
• File Section = 486
• Sort-File-Description Entry = 486
• Sort-Keys = 486
• Sort-Key Evaluation = 487
• Procedure Division For Sort-Merge = 487
• Sort Procedures = 487
• Sort Input Processing = 487
• SORT Statement = 487
• File-Name-1 = 488
• Ascending or Descending = 488
• Data-Name = 488
• Sort Program with Input and Output Procedures = 490
• INPUT PROCEDURE = 490
• USING = 491
• Sort Output Processing = 492
• OUTPUT PROCEDURE = 492
• GIVING = 492
• RELEASE Statement = 494
• RETURN Statement = 494
• Control of INPUT and OUTPUT Procedures = 495
• Flow of Control = 496
• MERGE Statement = 502
• Summary = 504
• 12 Report Writer Feature = 513
• Introduction = 514
• Description of the Report Writer = 515
• Report Format = 515
• Data Division = 515
• File Section = 516
• File Description = 516
• REPORT Clause = 516
• Report Section = 517
• Skeletal Format of the Report Section = 517
• Report Description(RD) Entry = 518
• CODE Clause = 519
• CONTROL Clause = 520
• PAGE Clause = 522
• Report Groups = 525
• Report Group Description Entry = 525
• Data-Name = 529
• LINE NUMBER Clause = 529
• NEXT GROUP Clause = 530
• TYPE Clause = 531
• USAGE Clause = 533
• COLUMN Clause = 533
• GROUP INDICATE Clause = 534
• JUSTIFIED Clause = 534
• PICTURE Clause = 534
• BLANK WHEN ZERO Clause = 534
• SOURCE Clause = 535
• SUM Counter Manipulation = 535
• Subtotalling = 535
• Rolling Forward = 536
• Crossfooting = 537
• SUM Clause = 538
• VALUE Clause = 540
• Procedure Division = 541
• INITIATE Statement = 542
• GENERATE Statement = 543
• TERMINATE Statement = 544
• SUPPRESS Statement = 545
• USE BEFORE REPORTING Statement = 545
• Guides to Use of the Report Writer = 547
• Summary = 551
• Illustrative Programs : Quarterly Expenditures Report = 553
• 13 Direct Access Processing = 568
• Introduction = 569
• Terminology = 569
• Direct-Access Storage Device (DASD) = 571
• File = 571
• Record = 571
• Key = 571
• Introduction to File Organization = 572
• Data File Characteristics = 572
• Processing Characteristics = 572
• Methods of Organization = 574
• Description of File Input-Output = 574
• Input-Output Organization = 576
• Access Modes = 576
• Current Record Pointer = 577
• Input-Output Status = 577
• Error Processing = 577
• Data File Organizations = 577
• Sequential Organization = 578
• Creating a Standard Sequential Disk File = 579
• REWRITE Statement = 581
• Updating a Standard Sequential File = 585
• Indexed Sequential Organization = 587
• Prime Area = 592
• Indexes = 592
• Overflow Area = 592
• Creating an Indexed Sequential File = 593
• Sequentially Accessing an Indexed Sequential File = 599
• Accessing an Indexed Sequential File at Random = 605
• Adding Records to an Indexed Sequential File at Random = 609
• Updating and Replacing Records in an Indexed Sequential File at Random = 610
• Random Mode = 618
• Dynamic-Access Mode = 618
• Relative Organization = 619
• Access Modes = 619
• Sequential Mode = 622
• Randon Mode = 623
• Dynamic Mode = 623
• Summary = 624
• Illustrative Programs : Creating an Index Disk File ／ List Index Disk records ／ Disk Updating-Matching Records-Updated Records = 627
• 14 Additional and Or = 654
• Environment Division
• Configuration Section - NAMES Paragraph = 655
• IMPLEMENTOR - NAME Clause = 655
• CURRENCY SIGN Clause = 656
• DECIMAL POINT IS COMMA Clause = 656
• Input-Output Section - FILE CONTROL Paragraph = 658
• I-O-CONTROL Paragraph = 659
• RERUN Clause = 659
• SAME AREA Clause = 661
• SAME RECORD AREA Clause = 661
• MULTIPLE FILE TAPE Clause = 662
• Data Division = 662
• RENAMES Clause = 662
• LINAGE Clause = 664
• LINAGE-COUNTER = 665
• LINAGE-COUNTER Summary = 666
• BLANK WHEN ZERO Clause = 666
• JUSTIFIED Clause = 667
• SYNCHRONIZED Clause = 668
• Procedure Division = 669
• CORRESPONDING Options = 669
• ADD CORRESPONDING Statement = 669
• SUBTRACT CORRESPONDING Statement = 670
• MOVE CORRESPONDING Statement = 671
• ALTER Statement = 674
• Source Program Library Facility = 675
• COPY Statement = 675
• Summary = 677
• 15 Declaratives and Linkage Sections = 689
• Declaratives Sections = 690
• USE Statement = 690
• Input-Output Error-Processing Declaratives = 691
• Report Writer-USE Statement = 693
• Linkage Section = 694
• Concept of Interprogram Communication = 694
• Data Division in Interprogram Communication = 695
• Noncontiguous Linkage Storage = 695
• Linkage Records = 695
• Subprogram Linkage Statements = 695
• Calling and Called Programs = 696
• Transfer of Control = 696
• Interprogram Data Storage = 696
• Specifying Linkage = 696
• Procedure Division in Interprogram Communication = 697
• Procedure Division Header = 697
• CALL Statement = 697
• EXIT PROGRAM Statement = 699
• Operation of Calling and Called Programs = 699
• ENTER Statement = 701
• Summary = 702
• Illustrative Program : Subroutines - Depreciation Schedule = 704
• 16 COBOL Programming Techniques = 727
• Introduction = 728
• Programming Standards = 728
• Source Program Appearance = 728
• Source Program Conventions = 728
• Use Indentations to Indicate Subordination = 728
• Start Each New Statement on a New Line = 729
• Make Each Nonconditional Procedure Division Statement a Separate Sentence = 729
• Indent When Using GO TO with the DEPENDING ON Option = 729
• Do Not Split Words or Numeric Literals Between Lines = 729
• Use Blank Lines Freely to Improve Readability = 729
• Use Section Names to Improve Understanding of Program Organization = 729
• Use Comments Freely for Explanations = 730
• Identification Division = 730
• Entries That Should Appear in the Identification Division = 730
• Environment Division = 731
• Advantages of Using the COBOL Source Library for Environment Division Coding = 732
• Entries That Should Appear in the Environment Division = 732
• Data Division = 732
• Include Common Data Definitions with COPY Statements = 732
• Use Meaningful Names = 733
• Entries That Should Appear in the Data Division = 733
• File Section = 734
• File Description Entries = 734
• Record Description Entries = 734
• Suffixes = 735
• MOVE CORRESPONDING Statement = 735
• Level Numbers = 736
• Increasing the Efficiency of Data Division Entries = 736
• Conserving Storage-Decimal Alignment = 736
• Unequal-Length Fields = 736
• Mixed Data Formats = 737
• Display to Computational-3 = 737
• Computational-3 to Display = 737
• Sign Control = 737
• Conditional Statements = 738
• Summary : Basic Principles of Effective Coding = 738
• Reusing Data Areas = 738
• Alternate Groupings and Descriptions = 738
• Data Formats in the Computer = 739
• Numeric DISPLAY (Extended Decimal) = 739
• COMPUTATIONAL-3 (Internal Decimal) = 739
• COMPUTATIONAL (Binary) = 739
• Readundant coding = 739
• Working-Storage Section = 740
• Grouping Related Data Items Together = 740
• Procedure Divsision = 740
• Entries That Appear in the Procedure Division = 740
• Increasing the Efficiency of Procedure Division Entries = 740
• Modular Programming = 740
• Main-Line Routine = 741
• Processing Routines = 741
• Make All Conditional Expressions as Simple as Logically Possible = 741
• Use of GO TO with the DEPENDING ON Option Instead of a Series of IF Statements = 741
• Replace Blanks in Numeric Fields With Zeros = 742
• OPEN, READ, CLOSE, and WRITE Statements = 742
• The Sequence of Divisions Is Important = 742
• Intermediate Results = 743
• Binary Data = 743
• COBOL Library Subroutines = 743
• Intermediate Result Greater than 30 Digits = 743
• ON SIZE ERROR Option = 743
• Arithmetic Fields = 744
• Comparison Fields = 744
• OPEN and CLOSE Statements = 744
• ACCEPT Verb = 744
• Paragraph-Names = 744
• COMPUTE Statement = 744
• IF Statement = 745
• MOVE Statement = 745
• PERFORM Verb = 745
• READ INTO and WRITE FROM Options = 745
• Hierarchy Chart = 745
• Conventional-Linkage for COBOL Programming = 746
• Conventional-Linkage = 747
• Initializations Section = 747
• Read-Record Section = 748
• File-Priority-Select Section = 748
• Control-Break-Test Section = 748
• Detail-Processing Section = 750
• Subroutines Section = 750
• Conclusion = 751
• Summary = 751
• Appendix A : Debgging COBOL Programs = 764
• Appendix B : Job-Control Language = 773
• Appendix C : COBOL Differences - ANSI 1968 and ANSI 1974 COBOL = 785
• Appendix D : Ten Problems = 800
• Appendix E : Input Data = 813
• Appendix F : Useful Reference Information = 824
• Appendix G : Reserved Word List = 832
• Appendix H : COBOL Reference Format Notation = 834
• Glossary = 847
• Index = 858