순조대 장용영 혁파와 훈련도감의 위상 = The Abolition of the Jangyongyeong(壯勇營) and the Status of the Hunryeondogam(訓鍊都監) during King Sunjo(純祖)’s Reign

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims to examine the abolition of the Jangyongyeong(壯勇營; Royal Guards) during King Sunjo’s reign and the consequent changes in the status of the Hunryeondogam(訓鍊都監; Military Training Agency). Previous research has largely focused on the establishment, operation, and abolition of the Jangyongyeong in 1802 from a political perspective, emphasizing its role as a royal guard institution under King Jeongjo and its dismantling by the Noron Byeokpa(老論 僻派) faction during Queen Jeongsun’s regency. However, relatively few studies have systematically analyzed the actual consequences of its abolition for the military structure, particularly its impact on the Hunryeondogam, which had long been the core military unit responsible for the defense of the capital. This article therefore investigates the redistribution of troops and fiscal resources following the abolition of the Jangyongyeong, focusing on the resulting changes in the Hunryeondogam, by drawing on primary sources such as the 󰡔Hun-guk deungnok(訓局謄錄)󰡕, 󰡔Mangi yoram(萬機要覽)󰡕, 󰡔Sillok(實錄)󰡕, and 󰡔Bibyŏnsa deungnok(備邊司謄錄)󰡕.
The study reveals that the abolition of the Jangyongyeong was not merely a reorganization of military units but was closely connected to the management of state finances. After King Jeongjo’s death, Queen Jeongsun and the Byeokpa faction mobilized the abundant financial resources of the Jangyongyeong to cover the expenses of the royal funeral, the annual operating costs of the Ministry of Taxation (Hojo), and the replenishment of depleted provincial granaries. Consequently, the reintegration of Jangyongyeong troops and finances into their original units was delayed. In particular, the Hunryeondogam regained about 2,200 soldiers and substantial funds only in September 1802, with some fiscal resources permanently diverted to the Hojo. Full recovery was achieved only after additional measures in 1807.
Subsequently, the Hunryeondogam re-emerged as the central pillar of the capital’s defense system. According to the 󰡔Mangi yoram󰡕 in the early 19th century, it maintained a force of about 6,500 soldiers－far exceeding the effective troops of the Geumwiyŏng(禁衛營) and Ŏyŏngch’ŏng(御營廳). With over 4,200 salaried soldiers, including the Samsubyŏng(三手兵) and the Muye byeolgam(武藝別監), on permanent duty, the Hunryeondogam came to bear the primary responsibility for both the defense of the capital and the guarding of the royal palace. Moreover, the royal guard function, which had been transferred to the Jangyongyeong, was restored to the Hunryeondogam, and the number of Muye byeolgam increased dramatically, further strengthening its status.
In conclusion, the abolition of the Jangyongyeong was both the product of factional political struggles and a response to fiscal crises, and its outcome was the reorganization of the capital defense system centered on the Hunryeondogam. This study highlights the interplay between military organization and fiscal policy, offering a new perspective on the transformation of the central military structure in early 19th-century Chosŏn.