Protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCCs), which can generate electricity under fuel cell (FC) mode and green hydrogen under electrolysis (EC) mode, are highly promising energy conversion device due to their several advantages such as high ionic c...
Protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCCs), which can generate electricity under fuel cell (FC) mode and green hydrogen under electrolysis (EC) mode, are highly promising energy conversion device due to their several advantages such as high ionic conductivity of the proton conducting electrolyte materials, high efficiency and fuel flexibility. Especially, PCCs can convert directly injected CO2 into CO or CH4 with produced hydrogen under EC mode. However, high ohmic and polarization loss at low temperature regions (< 500 ℃) hinders the practical operation of PCCs. Therefore, rational designs of the components of PCCs, fuel electrode, electrolyte and the air electrode, for reducing resistances are essential to demonstrate the feasibility of PCCs at low temperature regions.
To emphasize the advantages of PCCs, I conducted heterointerface engineering studies to reduce ohmic & polarization resistances and enhance fuel flexibility. It can be categorized into three parts as locations: 1) electrolyte, 2) electrolyte/air electrode interface, 3) fuel electrode. First, I controlled the defect concentration inside the electrolyte layer by reducing the oxygen vacancy concentration of the electrolyte layer with introduction of additional electrolyte layer at the electrolyte/fuel electrode interface. For charge conservation, the protonic defect which is main charge carrier for PCCs was generated to compensate for reduction of oxygen vacancy concentration. It was revealed that the protonic defect concentration has a strong correlation between ohmic and polarization resistances simultaneously. Enhancement of protonic defect concentration within the electrolyte led to concurrent reduction in ohmic and polarization resistances of ~21.2% and ~71.4% at 500 °C, respectively. Additionally, I designed BaZr0.4Ce0.4Y0.1Yb0.1O3-δ (BZCYYb, electrolyte material)/PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O5+δ (PBSCF, air electrode material) composite interlayer with ~50 nm thickness on the dense BZCYYb electrolyte. At the heterointerface between the electrolyte and air electrode materials, charge transfer occured due to difference in electronegativity between Ce in the electrolyte and Co in the air electrode. Due to charge modulation effect, additional oxygen vacancies can be generated on the surface, achieving exceptional peak power density of 2.03 W/cm2 and 1.50 A/cm2 at 1.3 V and 500 °C, which is the highest value compared to previously reported PCCs. Lastly, increasement in oxygen vacancy concentrations in fuel electrode can be also beneficial for fuel flexibility because oxygen vacancy is a reaction site for CO2 adsorption. Therefore, I added basic binary oxide into the fuel electrode which can increase the oxygen vacancy concentration on the surface, providing the electrons to near surface. As a result, increased oxygen vacancy concentration on the fuel electrode surface led to ~1.61-fold higher CO2 conversion and 58% enhanced CH4 production compared to the reference fuel electrode. Therefore, it can be confirmed that the rational design of each component for PCCs provides the improvement of electrochemical performance and fuel flexibility.