Over the last two decades, there has been an explosion of research concerning the influence of culture on social psychological phenomena. Thus, the central goal of this research is to expand upon our cultural theories in social-organizational psycholo...
Over the last two decades, there has been an explosion of research concerning the influence of culture on social psychological phenomena. Thus, the central goal of this research is to expand upon our cultural theories in social-organizational psychology by developing theory and providing empirical evidence for another cultural dimension, cultural tightness-looseness. Tightness-looseness has been defined as the degree to which norms are clearly defined and reliably imposed within cultures (Pelto, 1968).
The current research seeks to fill this void by examining cultural tightness-looseness in modern and complex societies, and specifically delineating its manifestations at multiple levels of analysis. We integrated research from a variety of disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, and psychology, and present a multilevel theory that illustrates the dynamic interplay between ecocultural and historical factors, the structure of situations, and psychological processes in tight and loose cultural systems.
We performed two studies that are designed to test components of our multilevel theory. The first study assessed situational constraint, our operationalization of cultural tightness-looseness, through a questionnaire methodology between Korean and the US. Study 1 investigates cross-cultural differences in situational constraint, and its ecocultural, historical, and psychological correlates. In order to assess situational constraint, we adapted the methodological approach used by Price & Bouffard (1974) in their analysis of situations. To construct a measure of situational constraint, these authors first abstracted a list of 15 behaviors and 15 situations from diaries kept by a sample of students. Next, a new sample of students judged the appropriateness of 15 different behaviors in each of 15 situations in a behavior-situation matrix comprised of 225 stimulus pairs
As explained in the above description of our multi-level theory, we proposed that the strength of social situations will be related to ecocultural and historical characteristics of each nation. Thus, we looked at the relationship between our national scores on situational constraint and population density, availability of natural resources, temperature, history of conflict, and homogeneity indicators. This data were obtained from existing databases and statistical yearbooks published by the United Nations (1999), and official national statistics gathered from numerous sources (International Marketing Data and Statistics (IMDS), 1999; Kurian, 1997).
We examined the relationships of our cultural situational constraint measures with existing data sets that measure cultural values. Both Hofstede (1980) and Schwartz (1994) provide data for many nations on a variety of cultural values, such as uncertainty avoidance and individualism-collectivism.
We used multiple regression to test our predictions regarding the ecocultural and historical and psychological correlates of cultural situational constraint. In addition, we used discriminant function analysis to examine the linear combination of variables that best differentiates high and low situational constraint nations. We also included a number of control variables in our analysis. The nations participating in this study differ on numerous indicators, and thus our analyses controlled for potentially confounding effects from characteristics that are of no theoretical interest in this study. The theory would be that Korea would be tighter than the US because of its ecocultural context (e.g., higher population density, greater history of external threat). The results showed that Korea is higher than the US on the first dimension of social norms.