마을 공동체에서 도시적 커먼즈로: 동아시아의 시선으로 보는 도시적 커먼즈 = From Village Communities to the Urban Commons: Rearticulating the Urban Commons from a View of East Asia

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper rearticulates the concept of the urban commons based on the existing discussions on the commons and the urban as well as the historical experiences around community and the state in the Japanese and Korean contexts. The widely accepted grammar of the commons premises community, resource, and practice as the basic components of the commons. This is, however, not only strongly connected to the image of traditional commons but also reinforcing the dualist epistemology. The urban is not a bounded territory but a planetary process that erases differences between the rural and the city. Building on Lefebvre’s discussion on the urban, the paper argues that the urban common is the common embedded in the labor process of our era, where production and exploitation of surplus occur in the whole society beyond factories. As the commons is constantly captured by capital, the urban common also appears to be the biopolitical struggle over the dominant form of life. Nangok Heemang Medical Cooperative, as the example of the urban commons in Seoul in the 1970s, demonstrates how the condition of the urban commons, where one must encounter others, facilitates the process of becoming, i.e., subjectivation.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 커먼즈와 도시적인 것(the urban)에 대한 논의, 그리고 공동체와 국가를 둘러싼 일본과 한국의 경험에 기반해 도시적 커먼즈(the urban commons)의 개념을 재정의 하고, 70년대 서울에서 변화하는 공동체의 가장 가장자리에 위치했던 도시빈민여성들이 어떻게 도시적 커먼즈의 주체로 등장했는지 살펴본다. 공동체, 자원, 실천을 커먼즈의 기본 요소로 파악하는 기존의 커먼즈론은 전통적 커먼즈의 이미지와 강하게 결부될 뿐 아니라, 공동체와 개인 간의 경험이 북미, 유럽과 다른 동아시아의 문맥을 반영하지 못하고, 주체와 객체, 혹은 개인과 공동체라는 이분법적 인식론을 강화하는 효과를 낳는다. 도시적 커먼즈는 시골과 도시의 차이를 지우며 행성적으로 일어나는 과정이자, 잉여의 생산과 착취가 공장을 넘어 사회 전체에서 일어나는 현시대에 지배적인 삶-형식을 둘러싼 삶정치적 투쟁이다. 1970년대 서울의 난곡희망협동조합의 사례는, 무수한 차이들이 마주치고 교통하는 도시적 커먼즈의 조건이 어떻게 개인과 집합이 연결되고 나뉘는 방식과 거리를 조절하고 재발명하는 주체화의 과정을 촉발하는지 보여준다.

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