저온처리에 의한 솔껍질깍지벌레 여름휴면의 조절 = Manipulation of Summer Diapause by Chilling in Matsucoccus thunbergianae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae)

국문 초록 (Abstract)

우리나라 해안지방 해송림에 피해를 주고 있는 솔껍질깍지벌레의 여름휴면현상에 미치는 저온처리의 효과를 알아보기 위하여, 휴면진행시기에 따라 1차, 2차, 3차의 휴면종료실험에 있어 각각 5월 4일, 6월 19일, 8월 15일부터 공시충(1령 약충)을 온도별, 기간별로 저온저장한 후 자연온도 조건에서 사육하며 발육을 관찰하였다. 1차와 2차 실험은 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, $15.0^{\circ}C$의 각 저온에서 10, 20, 30, 40일간 저장하였으며, 3차 실험은 자연 상태에서 휴면발육(physiogenesis)이 상당히 진행된 시기이므로 동일한 온도조건에서 3, 6, 9, 12일간 저장하였다. 저온기에서 꺼내고 20일이 지난 후부터 각 공시충의 2령 약충으로의 탈피여부를 조사하였으며, 이러한 조사결과를 통하여 본 해충의 여름휴면 중 휴면발육을 가장 촉진시킬 수 있는 온도와 그 완료에 필요한 기간을 규명하였다. 휴면발육을 가장 촉진시키는 온도는 $7.5{\sim}10^{\circ}C$이었으며, 이들 온도에서 휴면발육을 완료하기 위해서는 1차실험에서는 40일, 2차실험에서는 20일, 3차실험에서는 6일이 각각 소요되었다. 휴면발육을 위한 발육영점온도는 $29^{\circ}C$로 추정되었으며 유효적산온도는 964일도이었다. 이를 근거로 자연온도조건에서의 유효발육온도의 합과 비교하여 추정한 결과 자연상태에서의 휴면발육 완료시기는 9월 8일이었다. 자연상태에서 약충의 50%이상이 2령충으로 탈피한 시키는 11월 9일이였으며, 휴면후 발육(morphogenesis)을 위한 발육영점온도는 $10^{\circ}C$로서 유효적산온도는 391일도이었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

A set of experiments were conducted to determine the zero temperature and total effective temperature for the summer diapause and post-diapause development of Matsucoccus thunbergianae Miller et Park (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) which infests the Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii. The diapausing first instar nymphs were kept in cool storage during three separate times, each starting from May 4th, June 19th, and August 15th of 2002. Cool storage temperatures were 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and $15.0^{\circ}C$. The nymphs were chilled for 10, 20, 30 or 40 days in the first two sets of experiments. In the third experiment, nymphs were chilled for 3, 6, 9 or 12 days. Molting into the second instar nymphs was examined every 10 days, starting at 20 days after taken out from the cool storage. Optimum temperature range of the diapause development was between 7.5 and $10^{\circ}C$, where diapause development was completed in 40, 20, and 6 days by the insects chilled from May 4th, June 19th and August 15th, respectively. Comparing the three sets of experiments with different chilling periods, zero temperature for diapause development was calculated as $29^{\circ}C$. Effective temperature for diapause development was 964 degree days, and it was estimated that nymphs completed their diapause development by September 8th in nature. Under natural temperature conditions >50% eclosion into the second instar occurred on November 9th. Zero temperature for post-diapause development was $10^{\circ}C$, and total effective temperature for post-diapause development until the molt into the second instar was 391 degree days.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Cranham, J. E., "Variation in the intensity of diapause in winter eggs of fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi" 75 : 173-182, 1973

2 Vinogradova, E. B., "The pattern of reactivation of diapausing larvae in the blowfly, Calliphora vicina" 20 : 2487-2496, 1974

3 Wallace, M. M. H, "The influence of temperature and moisture on diapause development in the eggs of Bdellodes lapidaria" 10 : 276-280, 1971

4 Schneiderman, H. A., "The induction and termination of facultative diapause in the chalcid wasps Mormonierlla vitripennis (Walker) and Tritneptis klugii (Ratzeburg)" 35 : 520-551, 1958

5 Fisher, J. R., "Temperature and diapause development in the egg of Diabrotica barberi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)" 23 : 464-471, 1994

6 Masaki, S, "Summer diapause" 25 : 1-25, 1980

7 Tsuji, H., "Studies on the diapause of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella I. The influence of temperature on the diapause, and the type of diapause" 2 : 17-23, 1958

8 Mendel, Z., "Mass rearing of the Israeli pine bast scale, Matsucoccus josephi (Homoptera: Margarodidae) with notes on its biology and mating behavior" 83 : 532-537, 1990

9 Park, S. C., "Life cycle and summer diapause of Matsuccous thunbergianae" 32 : 11-16, 1985

10 Tauber, M. J., "Insect seasonality: Diapause maintenance, termination, and postdiapause development" 21 : 81-107, 1976

11 Masaki, S., "High temperature and diapause termination in the eggs of Teleogryllus commodus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)" 47 : 493-504, 1979

12 Park, S. C., "Geographic distribution, biology, and research for the control of Matsucoccus pine bast scales" 80 : 326-349, 1991

13 Bell, C. H., "Factors influencing the duration and termination of diapause in the warehouse moth, Ephestia elutella" 1 : 169-178, 1976

14 Riom, J., "Etude biologique et ecologique de la Cochenille du pin maritime, Matsucoccus feytaudi Ducasse. Ⅱ. Regulation du cycle annuel. Comportement des Stades mobiles" 9 : 181-209, 1977

15 Dean, R.L, "Egg diapause in Ephippiger cruciger (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)" 66 : 185-195, 1977

16 Shimoda, M., "Effect of chilling of diapause pupa on adult emergence in the sweet potato hornworm, Agrius convolvuli (Linne) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)" 32 : 617-624, 1997

17 Van Kirk, J. R., "Diapause development in the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferences Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae)" 93 : 440-445, 1982

18 Ishikawa, Y., "Characteristics of summer diapause in the onion maggot, Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)" 46 : 161-167, 2000