잠재적 POPs로서의 과불소화화합물의 환경내 분포 및 거동 = 물성, 환경 내 농도수준, 상 분배 및 장거리이동을 중심으로

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Concern about perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) is growing nationally as well as globally. PFCs could be considered emerging POPs due to their environmentally persistent, bioaccumulative, and potentially harmful properties. Moreover, perfluoroalkylates (PFAs) such as PFOS and PFOA are reported to experience long-range transport (LRT) to the Arctic in spite of their low volatility and strong solubility. The possible pathways contributing to LRT have been proposed but are still in debate in combination with unclear source definition and uncertain physico-chemical properties. The environmental fate of PFCs is more complicated because of the presence of precursors that are degraded to PFAs and are extremely different from their daughters, PFAs, in physico-chemical properties. To what extent and through what pathways are human and wildlife exposed is determined by the environmental fate and distribution of PFCs. To define uncertainties in fate and distribution thus is critical to prevent erroneous policy and/or determination related with exposure and risk reduction. This article aimed to review controversy and/or uncertain issues for the environmental fate and distribution of PFCs and to prospect research topics necessary to dissolve uncertainties.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• ABSTRACT
• 서론
• 본론
• 결론 및 전망
• 감사의 글
• 참고문헌
• Appendx

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 환경부, "보도자료-PFOS의 국내 오염 수준, 선진국에 비해 낮은 수준"

2 Spliethoff HM, "Use of newborn screening program blood spots for exposure assessment: Declining levels of perfluorinated compounds in New York State infants" 42 : 5361-5367, 2008

3 Jahnke A, "Urban versus Remote air concentrations of fluorotelomer alcohols and other polyfluorinated alkyl substances in Germany" 41 : 745-752, 2007b

4 Verreault J, "Trends of perfluorinated alkyl substances in herring gull eggs from two coastal colonies in Northern Norway: 1983-2003" 41 (41): 6671-6677, 2007

5 Davis KL, "Transport of ammonium perfluorooctanoate in environmental media near a fluoropolymer manufacturing facility" 67 : 2011-2019, 2007

6 Holmström K, "Tissue distribution of perfluorinated surfactants in common Guillemot (Uria aalge) from the Baltic Sea" 2008

7 Ellis DA, "Thermolysis of fluoropolymers as a potential source of halogenated organic acids in the environment" 412 (412): 321-324, 2001

8 Goss K-U, "The pKa values of PFOA and other highly fluorinated carboxylic acids" 42 (42): 456-458, 2008

9 Lau C, "The developmental toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids and their derivatives" 198 : 231-241, 2004

10 Johnson RL, "The adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate onto sand, clay, and iron oxide surfaces" 52 : 1165-1170, 2007

11 Smithwick M, "Temporal trends of perfluoroalkyl contaminants in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from two locations in the North American Arctic, 1972-2002" 40 : 1139-1143, 2006

12 Holmström K, "Temporal trends of PFOS and PFOA in Guillemot eggs from the Baltic Sea, 1968-2003" 39 : 80-84, 2005

13 Prevedouros K, "Source, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates" 40 : 32-44, 2006

14 Higgins CP, "Sorption of perfluorinated surfactants on sediment" 40 : 7251-7256, 2006

15 Liu J, "Solubility and sorption by soils of 8 : 2 fluorotelomer alcohol in water and cosolvent systems" 39 : 7535-7540, 2005

16 3M, "Soil Adsorption/Desorption Study of Potassium Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS),030" Environmental Protection Agency Docket 226-1030a, 2000

17 Dinglasan-Panlilio MJA, "Significant residual fluorinated alcohols present in various fluorinated materials" 40 : 1447-1453, 2006

18 Weihe P, "Serum concentrations of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in faroese whale meat consumers" 2008

19 Franklin J., "Screening assessment of the potential for long range atmospheric transport of perfluorooctanoic acid" 2002

20 McLachlan M, "Riverine discharge of perfluorinated carboxylates from the European Continent" 41 (41): 7260-7265, 2007

21 Footitt A, "Risk reduction strategy and analysis of advantage and drawbacks for perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS). Final Report for Dept. of Environment" Food and Rural Affairs & the Environment Agency for England and Wales A4-3, 2004

22 USEPA, "Revised draft: hazard assessment of perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Risk Assessment Division,no.AR226-136" EPA Docket 2002

23 Harada K, "Renal clearance of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in humans and their species-specific excretion" 99 : 253-261, 2005b

24 Simcik MF, "Ratio of perfluorochemical concentrations as a tracer of atmospheric deposition to surface waters" 39 : 8678-8683, 2005

25 Butt CM, "Rapid response of arctic ringed seals to changes in perfluoroalkyl production" 41 (41): 42-49, 2007

26 Higgins CP, "Quantitative determination of perfluorochemicals in sediments and domestic sludge" 31 (31): 3946-3956, 2005

27 Schultz MM, "Quantitative determination of fluorinated alkyl substances by large-volume-injection liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-characterization of municipal wastewaters" 40 (40): 289-295, 2006

28 Hansen KJ, "Quantitative characterization of trace levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Tennessee River" 36 : 1681-1685, 2002

29 Sinclair E, "Quantitation of gas-phase perfluoroalkyl surfactants and fluorotelomer alcohols released from nonstick cookware and microwave popcorn bags" 41 : 1180-1185, 2007

30 D’Eon JC, "Production of perfluorinated caboxylic acids (PFCAs) from the biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants (PAPS): Exploring routes of human contamination" 41 : 4799-4805, 2007

31 USEPA, "Preliminary Risk Assessment of the Developmental Toxicity Associated with Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid and its Salts; Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Risk Assessment Division" U.S. EPA 2005

32 Arp HPH, "Predicting the partitioning behavior of various highly fluorinated compounds" 40 : 7298-7304, 2006

33 Houde M, "Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean" 39 : 6591-6598, 2005

34 Stock NL, "Polyfluorinated telomere alcohols and sulfonamides in the North American Troposphere" 38 : 991-996, 2004

35 Scott BF, "Poly and perfluorinated carboxylates in North American Precipitation" 40 : 7167-7174, 2006

36 Saito N, "Perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in surface water in Japan" 46 : 49-59, 2004

37 Kannan K, "Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood from several countries" 38 : 4489-4495, 2004

38 Kannan K, "Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorinated hydrocarbons in mink and river otters from the United States" 36 : 2566-2571, 2002

39 Harada K, "Perfluorooctane sulfonate contamination of drinking water in the Tama River, Japan: Estimated effects on resident serum levels" 71 : 31-36, 2003

40 Saito N, "Perfluorocotane sulfonate concentrations in surface water in Japan" 45 : 149-158, 2003

41 Giesy JP, "Perfluorochemical surfactants in the Environment" 36 (36): 146A-152A, 2002

42 Stock NL, "Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in the Canadian Arctic: Evidence of atmospheric transport and local contamination" 41 (41): 3529-3536, 2007

43 Martin JW, "Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in a food web from Lake Ontario" 38 : 5379-5385, 2004

44 Yoo H, "Perfluoroalkyl acids in the Egg Yolk of birds from Lake Shihwa" 42 : 5821-5827, 2008

45 Ju X, "Perfluorinated surfactants in surface, subsurface water and microlayer from Dalian coastal waters in China" 42 (42): 3538-3542, 2008

46 Skutlarek D, "Perfluorinated surfactants in surface and drinking waters" 13 (13): 299-307, 2006

47 Shoeib M, "Perfluorinated sulfonamides in indoor and outdoor air and indoor dust: occurrence, partitioning, and human exposure" 39 : 6599-6606, 2005

48 Nakata H, "Perfluorinated contaminants in sediments and aquatic organisms collected from shallow water and tidal flat areas of the Ariake Sea, Japan: Environmental fate of perfluorooctane sulfonate in aquatic ecosystems" 40 : 4916-4921, 2006

49 Rostkowski P, "Perfluorinated compounds in streams of the shihwa industrial zone and lake shihwa" 25 (25): 2374-2380, 2006

50 Kannan K, "Perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms at various trophic levels in a Great Lakes food chain" 48 : 559-566, 2005

51 de Vijver KIV, "Perfluorinated chemicals infiltrate ocean waters: link between expsoure levels and stable isotope ratios in marine mammals" 37 : 5545-5550, 2003a

52 de Vijver K, "Perfluorinated chemicals infiltrate ocean waters: link between exposure levels and stable isotope ratios in marine mammals" 37 : 5545-5550, 2003b

53 Shoeib M, "Perfluorinated chemicals in the arctic atmosphere" 40 : 7577-7583, 2006

54 Kim SK, "Perfluorinated acids in air, rain, snow, surface runoff, and lakes: relative importance of pathways to contamination of urban lakes" 41 : 8328-8334, 2007

55 Young CJ, "Perfluorinated acids in Arctic snow: New evidence for atmospheric formation" 41 (41): 3455-3461, 2007

56 Yamashita N, "Perfluorinated acids as novel chemical tracers of global circulation of ocean waters" 70 : 1247-1255, 2008

57 Harada K, "Particle size distribution and respiratory deposition estimates of airborne perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate in Kyoto Area" 76 : 306-310, 2006

58 "PFOA in People"

59 Sinclair E, "Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl surfactants in water, fish, and birds from New York State" 50 : 398-410, 2006

60 OECD, "OECD Workshop on Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and Precursors." 20-22, 2006

61 Moody CA, "Monitoring perfluorinated surfactants in biota and surface water samples following an accidental release of fire-fighting foam into Etobicoke Creek" 36 (36): 545-551, 2002

62 Higgins CP, "Modeling sorption of anionic surfactants onto sediment materials: An a priori approach for perfluoroalkyl surfactants and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates" 41 : 3254-3261, 2007

63 Armitage J, "Modeling global-scale fate and transport of perfluorooctanoate emitted from direct sources" 40 : 6969-6975, 2006

64 Biegel LB, "Mechanisms of extrahepatic tumor induction by peroxisome proliferators in male CD rats" 60 : 44-55, 2001

65 3M, "Material Safety Data Sheet for FC-203FC Light Water Brand Aqueous Film Forming Foam" 3M Co 1999

66 Sinclair E, "Mass loading and fate of perfluoroalkyl surfactants in wastewater treatment plants" 40 (40): 1408-1414, 2006

67 Boulanger B, "Mass budget of perfluorooctane surfactants in Lake Ontario" 39 : 74-79, 2005

68 Brace NO., "Long chain alkanoic and alkenoic acids with perfluoroalkyl terminal segments" 27 : 4491-4498, 1962

69 Jahnke A, "Latitude gradient of airborne polyfluorinated alkyl substances in the marine atmosphere between Germany and South Africa (53N-33S)" 41 (41): 3055-3061, 2007a

70 De Silva AO, "Isolating isomers of perfluorocarboxylates in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from two geographical locations" 38 : 6538-6545, 2004

71 Falandysz J, "Is fish a major source of fluorinated surfactants and repellents in humans living on the Baltic coast?" 40 : 748-751, 2006

72 Russell M, "Investigation of the biodegradation potential of a fluoroacrylate poly-mer product in aerobic soils" 42 (42): 800-807, 2008

73 Burris JM, "Interim Report No. 2, Determination of Serum Half-Lives of Several Fluorochemicals" U.S.EPA Public Docket;3M: St. Paul, MN 2002

74 Kim SK, "Inter-chemical and inter-media comparison on distribution of PFCAs and PFAS in multimedia environments"

75 Upham BL, "Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by perfluorinated fatty acids is dependent on the chain length of the fluorinated tail" 78 : 491-495, 1998

76 Martin JW, "Identification of long-chain perfluorinated acids in biota from the Canadian Actic" 38 : 373-380, 2004

77 Simcik MF, "Global transport and fate of perfluorochemicals" 7 : 759-763, 2005

78 Giesy JP, "Global distribution of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Wildlife" 35 : 1339-1342, 2001

79 Wallington TJ, "Formation of C7 F15COOH (PFOA) and other perfluorocarboxylic acids during the atmospheric oxidation of 8 : 2 fluorotelomer alcohol" 40 : 924-930, 2006

80 Loewen M, "Fluorotelomer carboxylic acids and PFOS in rainwater from an Urban center in Canada" 39 : 2944-2951, 2005

81 Wang N, "Fluorotelomer alcohol biodegradation-direct evidence that perfluorinated carbon chains breakdown" 39 : 7516-7528, 2005b

82 Dinglasan MJA, "Fluorotelomer alcohol biodegradation yields poly- and perfluorinated acids" 38 : 2857-2864, 2004

83 Kissa, E, "Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents, 2nd ed.Vol. 97 in Surfactant Science Series" Marcel Dekker 2001

84 de Vijver KIV, "Exposure patterns of perfluorooctane sulfonate in aquatic invertebrates from the western scheldt estuary and the southern north sea Environ" 22 (22): 2037-2041, 2003b

85 de Vijver, KI, "Exposure patterns of perfluorooctane sulfonate in aquatic invertebrates from the Western Scheldt estuary and the southern North Sea" 22 : 2037-2041, 2003a

86 Zushi Y, "Existence of nonpoint source of perfluorinated compounds and their loads in the Tsurumi river basin" 71 : 1566-1573, 2008

87 Schwarzenbach RP, "Environmental Organic Chemistry" John Wiley & Sons 2002

88 Simons JH., "Electrochemical Process for the Production of Fluorocarbons" 95 : 47-59, 1949

89 Tittlemier S, "Dietary exposure of Canadians to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonae via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging" 55 : 3203-3210, 2007

90 Lei YD, "Determination of vapor pressures, octanol-air, water-air partition coefficients for polyfluorinated sulfonamide, sulfonamidoethanols, and telomere alcohols" 49 : 1013-1022, 2004

91 Boulanger B, "Detection of perfluorooctane surfactants in Great Lakes water" 38 (38): 4064-4070, 2004

92 Ellis DA, "Degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols: A likely atmospheric source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids" 38 : 3316-3321, 2004

93 Hori H, "Decomposition of environmentally persistent perfluooctanoic acid in water by photochemical approaches" 38 : 6118-6124, 2004

94 Schenker U, "Contribution of volatilte precursor sbustantces to the flux of perfluorooctanoate to the Arctic" 41 (41): 3710-3716, 2008

95 Ishibashi H, "Contamination and effects of perfluorochemicals in Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica). 1. Residue level, tissue distribution,and temporal trend" 2008

96 Barton CA, "Characterizing perfluorooctanoate in ambient air near the fence line of a manufacturing facility: Comparing modeled and monitored values" 56 : 48-55, 2006

97 Kim S-K, "Chapter 2. Emission, Contamination and Exposure,Fate and Transport, and National Management Strategy of Persistent Organic Pollutants in South Korea.Developments in Environmental Science" Elsevier Ltd 31-157, 2007

98 CEMN, "Canadian Environmental Modelling Network-Newsletter (annual parterners’ meeting),2006.2007"

99 Hölzer J, "Biomonitoring of perfluorinated compounds in children and adults exposed to perfluorooctanote-contaminated drinking water" 116 (116): 651-657, 2008

100 Houde M, "Biological monitoring of polyfluoroalkyl substances:A review" 40 (40): 3463-3473, 2006

101 Martin JW, "Bioconcentration and Tissue Distribution of Perfluorinated Acids in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)" 22 : 196-204, 2003

102 Jones PD, "Binding of perfluorinated fatty acids to serum proteins" 22 : 2639-2649, 2003

103 Ellis DA, "Atmospheric lifetime of fluorotelomer alcohols" 37 : 3816-3820, 2003

104 Martin JW, "Atmospheric chemistry of perfluoroalkanesulfonamides: Kinetic and product studies of the OH radical and Cl atom initiated oxidation of N-ethyl perfluorobutanesulfonamide" 40 : 864-872, 2006

105 Hurley MD, "Atmospheric chemistry of fluorinated alcohols: Reaction with Cl atoms and OH radicals and atmospheric lifetimes" 108 : 1973-1979, 2004

106 D’Eon J, "Atmospheric chemistry of N-methyl perfluorobutane sulfonamidoethanol,C4F9SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH: Kinetics and mechanism of reaction with OH" 40 : 1862-1868, 2006

107 Sulbaek-Andersen MP, "Atmospheric chemistry of C2F5CHO: reaction with Cl atmos and OH radicals, IR spectrum of C2F5C(O)O2NO2" 379 : 28-36, 2003

108 Sheninfeld JH., "Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics of Air pollution" Willey 1996

109 Conder JM, "Are PFCAs bioaccumulative? A critical review and comparison with regulatory criteria and persistent lipophilic compounds" 42 (42): 995-1003, 2008

110 Gauthier SA, "Aqueous photolysis of 8 : 2 Fluorotelomer Alcohol" 24 : 1837-1846, 2005

111 Taniyasu S, "Analysis of trifluoroacetic acid and other short-chain perfluorinated acids (C2-C4) in precipitation by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: comparison to patterns of long-chain perfluorinated acids (C5-C18)" 619 : 221-230, 2008

112 Barber JL, "Analysis of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in air samples from Northwest Europe" 9 : 530-541, 2007

113 Loewen M, "Altitudinal transect of atmospheric and aqueous flurinated organic compounds in western Canada" 42 (42): 2374-2379, 2008

114 Harada K, "Airborne perfluorocotanoate may be a substantial source contamination in Kyoto Area" 74 : 64-69, 2005a

115 McMurdo CJ, "Aerosol enrichment of the surfactant PFO and mediation of the water-air transport of gaseous PFOA" 42 : 3969-3974, 2008

116 Wang N, "Aerobic biotransformation of 14C-labeled 8-2 telomer B alcohol by activated sludge from a domestic sewage treatment plant" 39 : 531-538, 2005a

117 duPont, "Adsorption/Desorption of Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate to Soil (OECD 106),OPPT-0012-040." Environmental Protection Agency Docket 2003

118 Yamashita N, "A global survey of Perfluorinated acids in Oceans" 51 : 658-668, 2005

119 Wania F., "A global mass balance analysis of the source of perfluorocarboxylic acids in the Arctic Ocean" 41 : 4529-4535, 2007