선거와 민주주의에 대한 만족: 과정과 결과 = Elections and Public Satisfaction with Democracy: Process and Result

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In recent years, public dissatisfaction with democracy has been an enduring problem among democratic countries including South Korea. Based on theories of procedural justice, this study contends that how voters experience elections is a critical criterion to evaluate their democracy and affects how winners and losers evaluate the way their democracy works.
Analyzing the national public opinion survey conducted right after the 2012 presidential election in South Korea, this study shows that democratic satisfaction is high among those who evaluated the election was free and fair. Whereas the difference of democratic satisfaction between winners and losers is considerable, moreover, positive evaluation of the election is found to attenuate the difference. These empirical results provide important theoretical and policy implications for stability and consolidation of democracy in South Korea.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

최근 우리나라를 비롯한 민주주의 국가에서 민주주의에 대한 불만은 심각한 문제로 대두되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 절차적 정의이론에 따라 선거과정에서의 경험이 유권자들이 민주주의를 평가하는 중요한 준거가 되며, 이것은 선거 이후 필연적으로 발생하는 승자와 패자 간에 존재하는 민주주의 만족도의 격차를 줄인다고 주장한다.
지난 18대 대통령선거 직후 실시한 설문조사를 분석한 결과, 선거가 자유롭고 공정하게 진행되었다고 평가한 유권자들 사이에서 민주주의에 대한 만족도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 승자와 패자 집단 사이의 민주주의 만족도는 상당한 차이를 보였지만, 선거과정에 대한 긍정적 평가가 이 차이를 완화시킨다는 점도 발견할 수 있었다. 이러한 본 연구의 경험적 분석 결과는 민주주의의 안정과 공고화에 관한 중요한 이론적 함의와 정책적 시사점들을 제공한다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김현태, "한국의선거운동제도와정치발전: 자유, 공정, 그리고민주주의" 오름 2007

2 김용철, "한국 선거운동의 민주적 품질: 자유와 공정의 관점에서" 한국의회발전연구회 17 (17): 83-116, 2011

3 강원택, "투표 불참과 정치적 불만족: 기권과 제 3 당 지지를 중심으로" 한국정치학회 36 (36): 153-174, 2002

4 박종민, "정치체제의정당성과공정성, In 한국사회의불평등과공정성" 나남 1997

5 조진만, "승자와 패자의 정치관용에 대한 인식 차이와 그 효과" 사회과학연구원 한국정치연구소 20 (20): 29-51, 2011

6 이현출, "선거운동에서의공평성확보" 3 (3): 221-252, 2004

7 홍재우, "민주주의와 선거관리: 원칙과 평가 -제 5회 전국동시지방선거를 중심으로-" 한국의회발전연구회 16 (16): 125-159, 2010

8 Blais, André, "Winning, Losing and Satisfaction with Democracy" 55 (55): 425-441, 2007

9 Anderson, Christopher J., "Winning, Losing and Political Trust in America" 32 (32): 335-351, 2002

10 Anderson, Christopher J., "Winners, Losers, and Attitudes About Government in Contemporary Democracies" 22 (22): 321-338, 2001

11 Tyler, Tom R., "Why People Obey the Law" Princeton University Press 2006

12 Verba, Sidney, "Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics" Harvard University Press 1995

13 Welzel, Christian., "Theories of Democratization" Oxford University Press 2009

14 Huntington, Samuel P, "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century" University of Oklahoma Press 1991

15 Schattschneider, Elmer E., "The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America" Wadsworth 1960

16 Inglehart, Ronald, "The Renaissance of Political Culture" 82 (82): 1203-1230, 1988

17 Crozier, Michel, "The Crisis of Democracy: On the Governability of Democracies" New York University Press 1975

18 Almond, Gabriel A., "The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations" Princeton University Press 1963

19 Campbell, Angus, "The American Voter" University of Chicago Press 1960

20 Hibbing, John R, "Stealth Democracy: Americans’Beliefs About How Government Should Work" Cambridge University Press 2002

21 Curini, Luigi, "Satisfaction with Democracy and the Winner/Loser Debate: The Role of Policy Preferences and Past Experience" 42 (42): 241-261, 2012

22 Bowler, Shaun, "Reasoning About Institutional Change : Winners, Losers and Support for Electoral Reforms" 37 (37): 455-476, 2007

23 Mainwaring, Scott, "Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America" Cambridge University Press 1997

24 Huntington, Samuel P., "Political Order in Changing Societies" Yale University Press 1968

25 Lipset, Seymour., "Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics" Doubleday 1960

26 Anderson, Christopher J., "Political Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy: A Cross-National Analysis of Consensus and Majoritarian Systems" 91 (91): 66-81, 1997

27 Park, Chong-Min, "Political Discontent in South Korea" 2009

28 Whitefield, Stephen, "Political Culture Versus Rational Choice: Explaining Responses to Transition in the Czech Republic and Slovakia" 29 (29): 129-154, 1999

29 Lijphart, Arend, "Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries" Yale University Press 1999

30 Held, David., "Models of Democracy" Stanford University Press 2007

31 Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, "Mapping Political Support in the 1990s: A Global Analysis, In Critical Citizens" Oxford University Press 1999

32 Putnam, Robert D., "Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy" Princeton University Press 1993

33 Anderson, Christopher J., "Learning to Lose : Election Outcomes, Democratic Experience and Political Protest Potential" 36 (36): 91-111, 2006

34 Mattes, Robert, "Learning About Democracy in Africa: Awareness, Performance, and Experience" 51 (51): 192-217, 2007

35 Huang, Min-hua, "Identifying Sources of Democratic Legitimacy : A Multilevel Analysis" 27 (27): 45-62, 2008

36 Birch, Sarah, "Electoral Institutions and Popular Confidence in Electoral Processes : A Cross-National Analysis" 27 (27): 305-320, 2008

37 Powell, G. Bingham, "Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions" Yale University Press 2000

38 Pharr, Susan J., "Disaffected Democracies: What’s Troubling the Trilateral Democracies" Princeton University Press 2000

39 Singh, Shane, "Differentiating Winners : How Elections Affect Satisfaction with Democracy" 31 (31): 201-211, 2012

40 Norris, Pippa, "Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism" Cambridge University Press 2002

41 Norris, Pippa, "Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited" Cambridge University Press 2011

42 Dalton, Russell, "Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in the Advanced Industrial Democracies" Oxford University Press 2004

43 Przeworski, Adam, "Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America" Cambridge University Press 1991

44 Rose, Richard, "Democracy and Its Alternatives" Johns Hopkins University Press 1998

45 Lindberg, Staffan I., "Democracy and Elections in Africa" Johns Hopkins University Press 2006

46 Katz, Richard, "Democracy and Elections" Oxford University Press 1997

47 Hibbing, John R., "Congress as Public Enemy: Public Attitudes toward American Political Institutions" Cambridge University Press 1995

48 Lijphart, Arend, "Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method" 65 (65): 682-693, 1971

49 Dalton, Russell, "Communists and Democrats : Democratic Attitudes in the Two Germanies" 24 (24): 469-493, 1994

50 Gibson, James, "Citizens, Courts, and Confirmations" Princeton University Press 2009

51 Schumpeter, Joseph., "Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy" Harper and Brothers 1942

52 Downs, Anthony, "An Economic Theory of Democracy" Harper 1957

53 Easton, David, "A System Analysis of Political Life" Wiley and Sons 1965