Recently, the high turnover rate and adaptation difficulties of Generation Z newcomers to the workforce have emerged as major issues across workplace cultures. Accordingly, this study began by examining how these phenomena manifest within the teaching...
Recently, the high turnover rate and adaptation difficulties of Generation Z newcomers to the workforce have emerged as major issues across workplace cultures. Accordingly, this study began by examining how these phenomena manifest within the teaching profession, given the characteristics of the MZ generation and the socially formed ‘MZ frame’. School organizations are termed ‘professional bureaucracies’ (Cohen & March, 1974), emphasizing teacher autonomy and expertise while operating as ‘loosely coupled systems’ (Weick, 2012). Within this structure, the teaching profession has developed a culture of ‘individualism’ and ‘conservatism’ that distinguishes it from other organizations (Lortie, 1975), while simultaneously functioning as a multigenerational organization where diverse generations coexist (Stone-Johnson, 2016). To understand new teachers within this distinctive teaching profession, a generational perspective is indispensable. Since generations are groups sharing the culture, values, and lifestyles of the same era (Mannheim, 2013), the adaptation patterns exhibited by current new entrants to society may also reflect these generational behavioral patterns. Therefore, this study sought to explore the generational characteristics and communication and adaptation patterns of Generation Z secondary school new teachers.
Whereas previous research has primarily addressed new teachers from a ‘passive adaptation’ perspective (Lortie, 1975; Van Maanen, 1976, 1978; Louis, 1980), this study sought to view new teachers as active agents within the organization. Considering generational characteristics of Generation Z highlighted in prior research, such as an emphasis on realizing personal values and self-direction (Howe & Strauss, 2000; Kim, 2023), it was deemed more appropriate to interpret new teachers as active agents rather than merely passive entities. Based on this perspective, this study employed Lacey's (1977) ‘social strategy’ theory, which emphasizes the agency of new teachers, as an analytical framework to explore the active and autonomous adaptation patterns of Generation Z new teachers. Thus, this study examined and interpreted the characteristics and adaptation patterns of Generation Z secondary school new teachers from a generational perspective through qualitative case studies. To conduct the research, ten Gen Z secondary school new teachers with 1-3 years of experience were selected as participants and interviewed.
The findings of this study can be summarized as follows.
First, Generation Z new teachers exhibited the following characteristics. First, ‘digital familiarity’ and ‘information agility’. At the classroom level, they freely utilized AI and edutech while exercising their professionalism. At the personal survival level, they communicated with teachers nationwide through social networks (SNS) to solve problems that could not be resolved within the school. Second, they exhibited a ‘preference for flexible work environments’ and ‘interest in self-actualization’. New teachers perceived punctual departure from work as a fundamental value. Rather than pursuing promotion, they sought self-actualization through graduate school enrollment or considered second careers. This reflects a strong characteristic among Gen Z teachers: viewing life as an ongoing process of pursuing personal growth and self-actualization. Third, they exhibited caution regarding generational framing. While the ‘MZ frame’ discussed in society is often exaggerated in media, within the teaching profession, new teachers identified as MZ generation educators but carefully monitored their speech and actions to avoid appearing like typical MZ generation members. Rather than directly displaying MZ generation traits, they reconstructed and reframed their generational identity within the unique organizational culture of teaching.
In this study, the communication patterns of Generation Z secondary school new teachers in their relationships with administrators, fellow teachers, and students were as follows. First, in their relationship with administrators, they did not feel a significant psychological formal distance and expressed necessary opinions directly to administrators. Second, in relationships with fellow teachers, they actively engaged in informal, personal conversations, forming emotional bonds. Even within the vertical school atmosphere where formal discussions occurred, communication among peers was horizontal and open. Third, in their relationships with students, Generation Z new teachers used ‘trendy phrases and neologisms’ and communicated through ‘cultural sharing’ with students. Their active consumption and participation in student culture across multiple platforms, such as SNS and digital memes, represented a distinct characteristic unique to Generation Z.
The personal strategies of Gen Z secondary school new teachers revealed that, on an informal level, they utilized close relationships with peer teachers as an important adaptation resource. On a professional level, they employed observation-based strategies grounded in “reading the room” and “acceptance,” learning the practices and unspoken norms of the school organization.
Applying Lacey's theory, the findings of this study are as follows. First, ‘internalized adaptation’ emerged as a strategy where Generation Z new teachers naturally accepted existing norms, suppressing their generational characteristics within the conservative school organization. ‘Strategic compliance’ manifested as Generation Z new teachers initially following the organization's direction when they judged there was no room for change, even if they did not personally agree. This was a result of the interaction between the school's hierarchical structure and the characteristics of new teachers. 'Strategic Redefinition' emerged when teachers recognized unfairness or inefficiency and directly presented opinions to administrators. Both cases where opinions were reflected and cases where they were not accepted were observed. Notably, it was revealed that an individual could select and shift between various social strategies depending on their teaching experience and the organizational context. This reflects a pattern where Gen Z new teachers gradually express themselves and become more change-oriented as they gain experience.
The discussion points of this study are as follows. First, the generational identity of Generation Z secondary school new teachers manifested as ‘adjusted generational identity’ within the school organizational context. In this study, Generation Z secondary school new teachers did not exhibit fixed generational characteristics as discussed in society's ‘MZ frame’. This relates to the unique organizational culture inherent in the teaching profession. That is, unlike other organizations, within the teaching profession, the characteristics of the organization, their position as new teachers, and generational traits interlock, leading to a ‘reconfiguration of generational identity’. Second, Generation Z secondary school new teachers showed a tendency to positively integrate their generational traits into the teaching profession. Generation Z grew up in a digital-based environment and possesses characteristics of familiarity with SNS-based interactions (Han, 2022). In their interactions with Generation Alpha students, they actively shared cultural expressions like neologisms and memes and utilized digital-based communication. This suggests the potential for Generation Z's generational identity to function as a resourceful capacity contributing to the innovation of school organizational culture. Third, the adaptation of Gen Z new teachers was significantly influenced by the structure and context of the school organization. Analysis using Lacey's (1977) theory revealed that Gen Z new teachers also employed all three social strategies: ‘internalized adaptation,’ 'strategic conformity,' and 'strategic redefinition.' Particularly in the ‘strategic redefinition’ strategy, characteristics distinct to Generation Z, such as direct expression of opinions and pursuit of change, were clearly evident (Choi et al., 2021), though these were selectively manifested depending on the context, such as the school organization's atmosphere and the manager's disposition. Finally, Generation Z new teachers demonstrated ‘proactivity’ beyond passive adaptation, proactively reconstructing their own adaptation within the organization. Within ‘strategic redefinition,’ some new teachers maintained initiative even within authority and norms, reconstructing their adaptation methods. This contrasts with existing perspectives that understood new teachers' socialization or adaptation as primarily passive (Lortie, 1975; Van Maanen, 1976, 1978; Louis, 1980), it can be interpreted as an example of actively shaping roles and identities within the organization.
Accordingly, the recommendations of this study are as follows. First, generation-tailored adaptation support programs for new teachers are necessary. Programs supporting new teacher adaptation should be developed, reflecting the actual needs of Generation Z new teachers entering the profession, such as digital-based communication networks and peer-teacher-centered interaction programs. Second, the teacher professional development system must be redesigned to reflect Generation Z's desires for self-actualization and career development. Training should be designed not around the existing promotion-centered system, but to enable Generation Z new teachers to pursue diverse forms of self-actualization and career development within the teaching profession. This will provide a foundation for low-experience teachers to establish themselves in the profession. Third, the generational strengths of Gen Z new teachers should be leveraged as resources for training in understanding Gen Alpha and enhancing digital communication skills. These resources can enhance multigenerational understanding within schools while fostering an open, modern communication culture through education that reflects student generational characteristics.