Electric circuits : principles and applications

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• Chapter 1 Measurement Units, Notation, and Conversions = 1
• 1-1 Systems of Measurement = 2
• 1-2 Dealing with Very Large and Very Small Numbers = 3
• 1-2-1 Scientific Notation = 4
• 1-2-2 Mathematical Operations in Scientific Notation = 6
• 1-2-3 Engineering Notation = 9
• 1-3 Converting from One Measurement Unit to Another = 11
• 1-4 Mathematical Symbols = 14
• Chapter 2 Current and Voltage = 16
• 2-1 Charge = 17
• 2-2 Concentrating Charge = 19
• 2-3 Current = 21
• 2-3-1 The Nature of Electron Current = 21
• 2-3-2 Measuring Current = 22
• 2-4 Voltage = 24
• 2-4-1 The Nature of Voltage = 24
• 2-4-2 Measuring and Symbolizing Voltage = 25
• 2-5 Symbolizing Electric Circuits = 26
• 2-6 Understanding Current and Voltage by Fluid Analogy = 28
• 2-7 A Physically Rigorous Definition of Voltage = 30
• 2-8 De Voltage Sources = 32
• 2-8-1 Chemical Voltage Sources = 33
• 2-8-2 Electromagnetic Voltage Sources = 36
• 2-8-3 Rectified Voltage Sources = 39
• 2-9 De Ammeters and Voltmeters = 39
• 2-9-1 Connecting an Ammeter = 39
• 2-9-2 Connecting a Voltmeter = 42
• 2-10 Conventional Current = 44
• Chapter 3 Resistance and Ohm's Law = 48
• 3-1 The Resistance Idea = 49
• 3-2 The Effects of Resistance = 51
• 3-3 Ohm's Law = 52
• 3-3-1 Current Is Proportional to Voltage = 52
• 3-3-2 Current Is Inversely Proportional to Resistance = 54
• 3-3-3 The Ohm's Law Formula = 56
• 3-4 Manufactured Resistors = 58
• 3-4-1 Carbon-Composition Resistors = 58
• 3-4-2 Film Resistors = 60
• 3-4-3 Wirewound Resistors = 61
• 3-4-4 Variable Resistors = 62
• 3-5 Factors that Determine Resistance = 65
• 3-6 The Resistor Color Code = 69
• 3-7 Some Applications of Resistors = 73
• 3-7-1 A Heating Resistor = 73
• 3-7-2 A Filament Resistor in an Incandescent Bulb = 74
• 3-7-3 A Current-Limiting Resistor = 76
• Chapter 4 Series Circuits = 80
• 4-1 The Series Relationship = 81
• 4-2 Current and Voltage in a Series Circuit = 83
• 4-2-1 The Situation Regarding Current = 83
• 4-2-2 The Situation Regarding Voltage = 84
• 4-2-3 Voltage Polarity = 85
• 4-3 Applying Ohm's Law to a Series Circuit = 86
• 4-4 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law = 89
• 4-5 Voltage Division = 96
• 4-5-1 Voltage Division Applied to a Single Resistor = 97
• 4-5-2 Voltage Division Applied to a Portion of a Serie Circuit = 99
• 4-6 Potentiometers as Voltage Dividers = 101
• 4-7 Nonideal Voltage Sources = 104
• 4-7-1 The Internal Resistance of a Voltage Source = 104
• 4-7-2 Voltage Regulation = 109
• 4-8 Wire Sizing = 111
• 4-9 Switches = 113
• 4-9-1 The Circuit-Control Aspect of Switches = 114
• 4-9-2 The Mechanical Construction Aspect of Switches = 118
• Chapter 5 Parallel Circuits = 129
• 5-1 The Parallel Relationship = 130
• 5-2 Current and Voltage in a Parallel Circuit = 131
• 5-2-1 The Situation Regarding Voltage = 131
• 5-2-2 The Situation Regarding Current = 131
• 5-2-3 Parallel Circuits Contrasted with Series Circuits = 132
• 5-3 Applying Ohm's Law to a Parallel Circuit = 132
• 5-4 Special Cases of Parallel Resistance = 135
• 5-4-1 Two Resistors in Parallel = 135
• 5-4-2 Equal-.Value Resistors in Parallel = 136
• 5-4-3 A Very Large Resistance in Parallel with a Very Small Resistance = 137
• 5-5 Kirchhoff's Current Law = 139
• 5-6 Circuit-Protective Devices = 145
• 5-6-1 Reasons for Overcurrents = 145
• 5-6-2 Fuses = 148
• 5-6-3 Circuit Breakers = 149
• 5-7 Grounded (Three-Wire) Wiring Systems = 153
• 5-8 Ground-Fault Interrupters = 156
• Chapter 6 Series-Parallel Circuits = 162
• 6-1 Simplifying a Complex Circuit = 163
• 6-2 Determining the Voltage Between Two Points in a Complex Circuit = 171
• 6-3 Balanced Wheatstone Bridges = 174
• 6-3-1 The Balance Condition = 174
• 6-3-2 The Advantage of a Bridge Circuit = 176
• 6-3-3 An Automatic Temperature Indicator Using a Wheat- stone Bridge = 179
• 6-4 Relays = 181
• 6-4-1 Relay Operation and Uses = 181
• 6-4-2 Other Contact Configurations = 185
• 6-5 Relay Applications = 187
• 6-5-1 An Automobile Starting Circuit = 187
• 6-5-2 An Automatic Standby Power Circuit-An Example of Relays Performing Decision-Making Operations = 188
• Chapter 7 Energy and Power = 194
• 7-1 The Nature of Energy = 195
• 7-2 The Nature of Power = 197
• 7-3 Calculating Power in Electric Circuits = 201
• 7-4 Power Ratings of Electrical Devices = 206
• 7-4-1 Power Limitations of Sources = 207
• 7-4-2 Power Limitations of Loads = 211
• 7-5 Efficiency = 214
• 7-6 Measuring Power and Energy = 216
• 7-7 Coefficient of Performance and Energy Efficiency Ratio = 220
• Chapter 8 Capacitance = 224
• 8-1 Capacitor Construction and Behavior = 225
• 8-2 The Capacitor Schematic Symbol and the Unit of Measurement = 227
• 8-3 Factors that Determine Capacitance = 231
• 8-4 Types of Capacitors = 235
• 8-4-1 Mica Capacitors = 235
• 8-4-2 Ceramic Capacitors = 237
• 8-4-3 Plastic-Film Capacitors = 239
• 8-4-4 Electrolytic Capacitors = 240
• 8-5 Charging a Capacitor in a de Circuit = 245
• 8-5-1 Factors that Determine Charging Time in a de Circuit = 247
• 8-6 Capacitors Connected in Parallel and in Series = 248
• 8-6-1 Parallel = 249
• 8-6-2 Series = 249
• 8-7 Testing and Measuring Capacitors = 251
• 8-7-1 Testing Whether a Capacitor Is Good = 251
• 8-7-2 Measuring the Value of a Capacitor = 254
• 8-8 Stray Capacitance = 256
• 8-8-1 Wire-to-Wire Capacitance = 256
• 8-8-2 Wire-to-Chassis Capacitance = 256
• 8-8 3 Component Stray Capacitance = 257
• 8-8-4 Placement of Tubul@ Capacitors = 257
• 8-9 Examples of Capacitor Applications = 258
• 8-9-1 A de Power-Supply Filter Capacitor = 259
• 8-9-2 The Capacitor in Parallel with Automobile Ignition Points = 260
• 8-9-3 A Speed-up Capacitor = 261
• Chapter 9 Magnetism = 266
• 9-1 The Magnetic Field = 267
• 9-2 Magnetic Flux and Flux Density = 270
• 9-2-1 Flux = 270
• 9-2-2 Flux Density = 271
• 9-2-3 North and South Magnetic Poles = 272
• 9-3 Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets = 273
• 9-3-1 Permanent Magnets = 273
• 9-3-2 Electromagnetism-Ampere's Law = 274
• 9-3-3 The Magnetic Field from a Loop of Wire = 276
• 9-3-4 Wrapping the Wire into a Spiral Coil-A Solenoid = 277
• 9-4 Magnetizing Force = 278
• 9-5 The Effect of the Core Material = 282
• 9-5-1 Permeability = 282
• 9-5-2 Saturation = 285
• 9-5-3 Retentivity = 286
• 9-6 The Complete Magnetic Hysteresis Curve = 288
• 9-7 Applications of Electromagnets = 292
• 9-7-1 A Solenoid-Operated Valve = 292
• 9-7-2 A Moving-Coil Loudspeaker = 293
• Chapter 10 Inductance = 297
• 10-1 Inductor Behavior = 298
• 10-1-1 Impluicaetions of the Inductor's Ability to Oppose Change in Current = 300
• 10-2 The Definition of Inductance and Its Measurement Units = 301
• 10-3 Physical Factors that Determine Inductance = 301
• 10-4 Faraday's Law = 304
• 10-5 Types of Inductors = 308
• 10-6 Inductors in Series and Parallel = 310
• 10-7 Measuring Inductors = 310
• 10-8 Inductor Applications = 311
• 10-8-1 An Inductor as a Noise Filter for an Automobile Radio = 311
• 10-8-2 An Inductor in a Rectified de Power Supply = 313
• 10-8-3 An Inductor as a Tachometer Pickup Device = 315
• Chapter 11 Switching Transients-Time Constants = 318
• 11-1 The Exponential Waveforrn = 319
• 11-2 Transients in Series RC Circuits = 323
• 11-3 Transients in Series PL Circuits = 327
• 11-4 Exponential Equations = 330
• 11-4-1 The Rising Exponential Equation = 330
• 11-4-2 The Falling Exponential Equation = 332
• 11-5 The Reasons for Exponentials = 335
• Chapter 12 Alternating Current = 340
• 12-1 The Shapes of ac Waveforms = 341
• 12-1-1 Sine Waveforms = 341
• 12-1-2 Nonsinusoidal ac Waves = 343
• 12-2 Ac Sine Waves Graphed Versus Angle = 344
• 12-3 The Reason for the Existence of Electrical Sine Waves = 347
• 12-4 Vertical Aspects of Sine Waves = 349
• 12-4-1 Peak Voltage and Peak-to-Peak Voltage = 349
• 12-4-2 Effective Voltage = 352
• 12-5 Horizontal Aspects of Sine Waves = 356
• 12-6 Phase Relations Between Sine Waves = 361
• 12-7 Measuring Phase Relationships with a Dual-Trace oscilloscope = 363
• 12-8 Angles Expressed in Radians = 365
• Chapter 13 Capacitive Reactance = 371
• 13-1 Capacitor Current in a Sine-Wave ac Circuit = 373
• 13-2 Energy and Power in an ac Capacitor Circuit = 378
• 13-3 The Behavior of a Capacitor at Different Frequencies = 379
• 13-4 Reactance = 381
• 13-5 Ohm's Law for a Capacitor = 383
• 13-6 The Capacitive Reactance Chart = 385
• Chapter 14 Inductive Reactance = 388
• 14-1 Inductor Current in an ac Sine-Wave Circuit = 389
• 14-2 Energy and Power in an ac Inductive Circuit = 393
• 14-3 The Behavior of an Inductor at Different Frequencies = 395
• 14-4 Inductive Reactance = 396
• 14-5 Ohm's Law for an Inductor = 397
• 14-6 Real-Life Inductors = 398
• 14-7 The Inductive Reactance Chart = 400
• Chapter 15 Phasor Diagrams = 402
• 15-1 The Rotating Arrow = 403
• 15-2 Two Phasors on the Same Diagram = 407
• 15-3 Polar Notation = 408
• 15-3-1 Written Symbols for Phasors = 408
• 15-3-2 The Equivalent Mathematical Equation as a Function of Angle = 410
• 15-4 Combining Phasors = 414
• 15-5 Graphical Addition of Phasors = 416
• 15-6 Mathematical Phasor Addition = 417
• 15-6-1 Phasor Addition when the Voltages Are Out of Phase by 90' = 418
• 15-6-2 Phasor Addition when the Voltages Are Not 90' Out of ' Phase = 421
• 15-7 Polar to Rectangular and Rectangular to Polar Conversions by a Hand-Held Calculator = 425
• Chapter 16 Series ac Circuits = 429
• 16-1 Series RC Circuits = 430
• 16-2 Impedance = 433
• 16-3 Series RL Circuits with Ideal Inductors = 436
• 16-4 Series RL Circuits Containing Real Inductors = 437
• 16-5 Inductor Q = 440
• 16-6 Examples of Series ac Circuits = 440
• 16-6-1 An RC-Coupled Electronic Amplifier = 440
• 16-6-2 A Saturable Reactor = 444
• Chapter 17 Parallel ac Circuits = 452
• 17-1 Kirchhoff's Current Law for ac Circuits = 453
• 17-2 Parallel RC Circuits = 457
• 17-3 Parallel RL Circuits-Ideal Inductors = 460
• 17-4 Parallel RL Circuits Containing Real Inductors = 463
• 17-5 Power Factor = 468
• 17-5-1 Improving Power Factor = 475
• 17-6 The Power Triangle = 478
• 17-6-1 The importance of Apparent Power = 480
• 17-6-2 The Importance of Reactive Power = 481
• 17-7 Examples of Parallel ac Circuits = 483
• 17-7-1 The Input of an oscilloscope = 483
• 17-7-2 A Times-10 Scope Probe = 488
• Chapter 18 Series Resonance = 496
• 18-1 RLC Series Circuits = 497
• 18-2 The Resonant Frequency = 502
• 18-3 Why Resonance occurs = 505
• 18-4 Frequency-gesponse Curves = 508
• 18-5 Selectivity = 511
• 18-6 Predicting Bandwidth = 515
• 18-7 Circuit Q = 519
• 18-7-1 Nonideal Components in RLC Circuits = 519
• 18-7-2 Relationship of Circuit Q to Bandwidth = 520
• 18-8 The Cutoff Points = 524
• 19-8-1 Why 0.707? = 524
• 18-8-2 Phase Relations at the Cutoff Points = 526
• 18-8-3 Graphs of Phase Angle Versus Frequency = 527
• 18-9 Series-Resonant Filters = 533
• 18-9-1 Band-Pass Filters = 533
• 18-9-2 Band-Stop Filters = 534
• 18-10 An Example of a Series-Resonant Band-Stop Filter-The Sound Trap in a Television Receiver = 536
• Chapier 19 Parallel Resonance = 540
• 19-1 Parallel RLC Circuits = 541
• 19-2 Frequency-Response Curves for Parallel RLC Circuits = 545
• 19-3 Predicting Bandwidth = 549
• 19-4 Circuit Q of a Parallel Resonant Circuit = 554
• 19-4-1 The Definition of Q = 554
• 19-4-2 Relationship of Parallel Circuit Q to Bandwidth = 555
• 19-5 Parallel RLC Circuits Containing Real Inductors = 558
• 19-5-1 The Problem with a Real Inductor = 558
• 19-5-2 Series-to-Paraliel Equivalence = 559
• 19-5-3 Using the Series-to-Parallel Conversion Process to Analyze a Nonideal Parallel-Resonant Circuit = 565
• 19-5-4 Practical Inductor Sizes and Qs = 575
• 19-6 Parallel-Resonant Filters = 577
• 19-7 Examples of Parallel-Rcsonant Filters = 578
• 19-7-1 The Band-Pass Filter in the Driver Stage of a Servo Amplifier = 578
• 19-7-2 The Sound-Signal Band-Stop Filter Between the Video Amplifier andthe Picture Tube in a TV Receiver = 580
• Chapter 20 j = 585
• 20-1 The j Operator = 586
• 20-1-1 A 90' Phase Shift Expressed Algebraically = 586
• 20-1-2 Why j ＝ V--l = 591
• 20-2 Associatingj with Reactance = 593
• 20-3 Arithmetic with Complex Numbers = 596
• 20-3-1 Addition = 596
• 20-3-2 Subtraction = 597
• 20-3-3 Converting Complex Numbers Between Rectangular and Polar Forms = 598
• 20-3-4 Multiplying = 600
• 20-3-5 Dividing = 602
• 20-4 Using Complex Numbers to Solve Series ac Circuits = 605
• 20-5 Using Complex Numbers to Solve Parallel ac Circuits = 609
• 20-6 Using Complex Numbers to Solve Series-Parallel ac Circuits = 616
• Chapter 21 Transformers = 628
• 21-1 Transformer Construction = 629
• 21-2 How Transformers Work = 632
• 21-2-1 An Unloaded Ideal Transformer = 632
• 21-2-2 Loading An Ideal Transformer = 635
• 21-2-3 The Transformer Current Law = 640
• 21-3 Power Transferred by an Ideal Transformer = 646
• 21-4 Reflected ResistanceImpedance = 650
• 21-5 Isolation by Transformers = 655
• 21-6 Other Transformer Topics = 657
• 21-6-1 Tapped Windings = 657
• 21-6-2 Multiple Secondary Windings = 658
• 21-6-3 Transformer Phase Relations and Phase Marks = 659
• 21-7 Real Transformers = 664
• 21-7-1 The Nonideal Aspects of Real Transformers = 664
• 21-7-2 Dealing Quantitatively with Rs and Rp in Real Transformers = 670
• 21-8 Examples of Transformer Applications = 673
• 21-8-1 A Residential Power Transformer Mounted on a Utility Pole = 673
• 21-8-2 The Impedance-Matchinv Transformer at the Front End of a Ra7dio or TV Receiver = 674
• Chapter 22 Thevenin's Theorem = 680
• 22-1 What Thevenin's Theorem Says = 681
• 22-1-1 For dc Circuits = 681
• 22-1-2 For ac Circuits = 682
• 22-2 The Procedure for Applying Thevenin's Theorem = 682
• 22-2-1 For de Circuits = 682
• 22-2-2 For ac Circuits = 691
• 22-3 Linearity of Electrical Components = 699
• 22-4 The Superposition Theorem = 702
• 22-5 Current Sources = 711
• 22-6 Norton's Theorem = 714
• 22-6-1 Statement of Norton's Theorem = 714
• 22-6-2 The Procedure for Applying Norton's Theorem = 714
• Chapter 23 Loop Analysis and Node Analysis = 723
• 23-1 The Loop Analysis Idea = 724
• 23-2 Loop Analysis of de Circuits = 724
• 23-3 Loop Analysis of ac Circuits = 731
• 23-4 The Node Analysis Idea = 735
• 23-5 Node Analysis of de Circuits = 735
• 23-6 Node Analysis of ac Circuits = 740
• 23-7 Source Conversions = 743
• 23-8 Circuit Analysis Performed by Computer = 745
• 23-8-1 Computer-Performed Node Analysis of a Single-Source de Circuit = 747
• 23-8-2 Computer-Performed Node Analysis of an ac Bridge Circuit = 749
• References = 759
• Appendices = 760
• Answers to Selected Problems = 774
• Index = 782