Aquaculture water reuse systems : engineering design and management|RISS 상세보기

목차 (Table of Contents)

CONTENTS
Acknowledgments = ⅴ
List of Contributors = ⅵ
Table of Contents = ⅶ
1.0 An Introduction to Water Reuse Systems / T. M. Losordo ; M. B. Timmons = 1

CONTENTS
Acknowledgments = ⅴ
List of Contributors = ⅵ
Table of Contents = ⅶ
1.0 An Introduction to Water Reuse Systems / T. M. Losordo ; M. B. Timmons = 1
1.1 Introduction = 1
1.2 Terminology and Definitions = 3
1.3 Current Status = 4
1.4 References = 6
2.0 System Carrying Capacity and Flow Estimation / T. M. Losordo ; H. Westers = 9
2.1 Introduction = 9
2.2 The Mass Balance Approach = 10
2.3 Estimating Flows Rates = 11
2.4 Estimating Flows for Dissolved Oxygen Maintenance = 11
2.5 Estimating Flows for Ammonia-nitrogen control = 14
2.6 Estimating Flows Rates for Nitrate-nitrogen Control = 19
2.7 Flow Requirements for Dissolved Oxygen Maintenance in a Submerged Biological Filter = 20
2.8 Estimating System Carrying Capacity = 21
2.8.1 Estimating System Carrying Capacity with Respect to Dissolved Oxygen = 21
2.8.2 Estimating System Carrying Capacity with Respect to TAN = 23
2.9 Design Examples = 24
2.9.1 Flow Rate Estimates = 24
2.9.2 Estimation of System Carrying Capacity = 30
2.10 Discussion of Engineering Approach = 33
2.11 A Biologist's Approach to System Carrying Capacity = 33
2.11.1 Calculating Capacities of Serial Reuse with Oxygenation = 34
2.11.2 Dissolved Oxygen = 35
2.11.3 Ammonia = 37
2.11.4 Carbon Dioxide = 40
2.11.5 Suspended Solids = 41
2.11.6 Rearing Density = 42
2.12 Rearing Unit Design and Operation = 43
2.12.1 Facility Design and Production with Oxygenation Only = 46
2.12.2 Design and Production with Oxygen and Biofiltration = 49
2.12.3 Biofilter Design = 51
2.12.4 Production Capacity of a Recycle System = 52
2.13 Notation(Sections 2. 11 and 2. 12) = 55
2.14 References(Sections 2. 1 through 2. 10) = 56
2.14.1 References(Sections 2. 11 and 2. 12) = 57
3.0 Suspended Solids Control in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems / S. Chen, D. Stechey ; R. F. Malone = 61
3.1 Introduction = 61
3.2 Solids Generation = 62
3.3 Physical Characteristics = 63
3.4 Removal Objectives = 70
3.5 Removal Mechanisms = 70
3.5.1 Sedimentation = 71
3.5.2 Interception = 72
3.5.3 Diffusion = 73
3.6 Process Description = 73
3.6.1 Sedimentation = 75
3.6.2 Tank Velocity, Turbulence, and Scour = 78
3.6.3 Hydrocyclones = 84
3.6.4 Microscreen Filters = 85
3.6.5 Granular Media(GM) Filters = 87
3.6.6 Porous Media(PM) Filters = 90
3.6.7 Foam Fractionation = 90
3.6.8 Ozonation = 91
3.7 Applications = 91
3.8 References = 95
4.0 Nitrification Filter Principles / F. W. Wheaton ; J. N. Hochheimer ; G. E. Kaiser ; M. J. Krones ; G. S. Libey ; C. Easter = 101
4.1 Introduction = 101
4.2 Kinetics = 102
4.3 Nitrification Filter Configurations = 104
4.3.1 Submerged = 106
4.3.2 Tricking Filters = 107
4.3.3 Biodrums = 107
4.3.4 Biodisk = 109
4.3.5 Fluidized Beds = 110
4.3.6 Bead Filters = 111
4.4 Major Variables Affecting Filter Performance : Chemical Factors = 112
4.4.1 pH = 112
4.4.2 Alkalinity = 113
4.4.3 Oxygen = 113
4.4.4 Ammonia / Nitrite Concentrations = 114
4.4.5 Particulates and Dissolved Organics = 115
4.4.6 Salinity = 116
4.4.7 Diffusion Rates of Gases = 116
4.4.8 Other Mineral and Chemical Effects = 116
4.5 Physical Factors = 117
4.5.1 Temperature = 117
4.5.2 Reynolds Number and RBC Rotational Speed = 118
4.5.3 Void Ratio = 118
4.5.4 Media Type and Size = 119
4.5.5 Specific Surface Area = 119
4.5.6 Hydraulic and Mass Loading = 120
4.5.7 Depth = 121
4.5.8 Staging Effects = 121
4.5.9 Cross Sectional Area = 122
4.5.10 Film Thickness = 122
4.5.11 Light = 122
4.6 Biological Parameters = 122
4.6.1 Biomass Density = 122
4.6.2 Cell Yield = 123
4.7 Discussion = 123
4.8 Summary = 123
4.9 References = 124
5.0 Nitrification Filter Design Methods / F. W. Wheaton ; J. Hochheimer ; G. E. Kaiser ; R. F. Malone ; M. J. Krones ; G. S. Libey ; C. C. Easter = 127
5.1 Nitrification Filter Design Methods(F. W. Wheaton) = 127
5.2 Design Procedure(F. W. Wheaton) = 129
5.3 Example Design Problem : Submerged Filter(F. W. Wheaton) = 130
5.3.1 Discussion of Submerged Filter Design = 136
5.4 Expandable Granular Biofilters(R. F. Malone) = 136
5.4.1 Upflow Sand Filter = 137
5.4.2 Bead Filters = 141
5.4.3 Fluidized Beds = 144
5.5 Trickling Filters(J. Hochheimer) = 147
5.5.1 Design Problem for Trickling Filters = 148
5.5.2 Design Calculations = 148
5.5.3 Trickling Filter Discussion = 154
5.6 Rotating Biological Contactor(RBC) / G. S. Libey and C. C. Easter = 155
5.6.1 Background = 155
5.6.2 RBC Theoretical Models = 157
5.6.3 RBC Empirical Models = 159
5.6.4 Design Examples For RBC = 161
5.6.5 Observations on RBC Construction and Durability = 165
5.7 Literature Cited = 166
6.0 Aeration and Oxygenation / B. J. Watten = 173
6.1 Introduction = 173
6.2 Dissolved Gas Criteria = 174
6.3 Gas Transfer Theory = 175
6.3.1 Gas Solubility = 175
6.3.2 Transfer Rate = 177
6.3.3 Performance Indicators = 178
6.4 Pure Oxygen Contact Systems = 182
6.4.1 Absorption Equipment = 182
6.4.2 Oxygen Sources = 188
6.4.3 Monitoring and Control = 189
6.4.4 Design Procedure = 189
6.4.5 Packed Column Design Steps = 191
6.5 Air Contact Systems = 194
6.5.1 Air-Water Contactors = 195
6.6 Sources of Air = 199
6.7 Monitoring and Control = 200
6.8 Design Procedure = 200
6.8.1 Surface Agitator Design Steps = 201
6.9 Nomenclature = 202
6.10 References = 205
7.0 Carbon Dioxide Control / G. R. Grace ; R. H. Piedrahita = 209
7.1 Introduction = 209
7.2 Importance = 211
7.3 Carbonate Equilibrium and Carbon Dioxide Control by pH Management = 213
7.4 Carbon Dioxide Control by Gas Exchange = 215
7.5 Gas Exchange = 217
7.6 Carbon Dioxide Transfer Coefficient = 218
7.7 Example 1 = 219
7.8 Example 2 = 221
7.9 Example 3 = 222
7.10 Gas Flow Characterization = 223
7.11 Example 4 = 223
7.12 Carbonate Equilibrium Reaction Kinetics = 225
7.13 Dehydroxylation of Bicarbonate to Carbon Dioxide = 226
7.14 Combined Gas Exchange and Reaction Kinetics = 229
7.15 Example 5 = 232
7.16 Practical Application = 232
7.17 Acknowledgments = 233
7.18 References = 233
8.0 Control of pH in Closed Cycle Aquaculture Systems / J. J. Bisogni ; Jr. ; M. B. Timmons = 235
8.1 Background = 235
8.2 Alkalinity and pH Control = 235
8.2.1 Non-volatile System = 236
8.2.2 Volatile System = 237
8.2.3 pH Control = 238
8.3 Nitrification = 238
8.4 System Management = 241
8.4.1 Alkalinity Destruction Rates = 241
8.4.2 Alkalinity Supplements = 242
8.5 Design Examples = 243
8.6 References = 245
9.0 Use Of Foam Fractionators In Aquaculture / M. B. Timmons = 247
9.1 Introduction = 247
9.2 Solids Control = 248
9.3 Foam Fractionation = 249
9.3.1 Foam Characteristics = 251
9.3.2 Performance and Operational Characteristics of Foam Fractionators = 253
9.3.3 Variables Affecting Removal Rates = 255
9.4 Mathematical Modeling = 258
9.4.1 Empirical Models = 258
9.4.2 Basic Principles Mathematical Model = 260
9.4.3 Adapting the Chen Model to Account for Foam Collection Efficiency = 265
9.5 Sensitivity of Certain Operating Variables = 266
9.6 Application of Models = 266
9.6.1 Discussion of Solutions = 275
9.7 Other Comments on Operation of Fractionators = 276
9.8 Acknowledgments = 277
9.9 Literature Cited = 277
10.0 Operating and Managing Water Reuse Systems / S. D. Van Gorder = 281
10.1 Introduction = 281
10.2 Operation and Management of System Hardware Components = 283
10.3 System Design Components-Management Requirements = 283
10.3.1 Tanks = 283
10.3.2 Management of Nitrogen Wastes-Biological Filtration Systems = 284
10.3.3 Ammonia Toxicity = 285
10.3.4 Nitrite Toxicity = 285
10.3.5 Acclimation of Biofilters = 286
10.4 Control of Organic Solids-Clarification Systems = 288
10.4.1 Settleable Solids = 288
10.4.2 Suspended Solids = 288
10.4.3 Dissolved Solids = 289
10.5 Aeration／Oxygenation Systems = 289
10.6 Carbon Dioxide = 291
10.7 Management of pH = 291
10.8 Management of Fish Production = 292
10.8.1 Stocking = 292
10.8.2 Fingerling Availability = 292
10.8.3 Density = 293
10.8.4 Feeding = 293
10.8.5 Food Size = 294
10.8.6 Frequency of Feeding = 294
10.8.7 Feed Levels = 295
10.8.8 Feeding Behavior = 295
10.9 Off-Flavors = 296
10.10 Stress and Disease Control = 296
10.11 Emergency Systems = 297
10.12 Additional Design／Management Requirements = 298
10.12.1 Operational Design Efficiency-Energy Conservation = 298
10.12.2 Operational Management Efficiency = 300
10.12.3 Maintaining Continuous Loading = 301
10.12.4 Maintaining a Continuous Harvesting Capability = 304
10.13 Summary = 304
10.14 References = 305
11.0 Monitoring and Control / James M. Ebeling = 307
11.1 Introduction = 307
11.2 Monitoring = 308
11.2.1 Priorities : "A Question of Timing" = 308
11.2.2 Where to Monitor : "A Question of Importance" = 310
11.3 What to Monitor = 310
11.3.1 Water Level = 310
11.3.2 Temperature = 311
11.3.3 Pressure = 312
11.3.4 Water Flow = 312
11.3.5 Electric Power = 312
11.3.6 Physical Plant Security = 312
11.3.7 Water Quality Monitoring = 313
11.4 How to Monitor = 313
11.5 Water Level = 313
11.5.1 Float Switches = 313
11.5.2 Optical Liquid-Sensing Sensors = 314
11.5.3 Non-Contact Ultrasonic Level Sensors = 315
11.5.4 Conductivity Level Switches = 315
11.5.5 Pressure Sensing Level Systems = 315
11.6 Temperature = 315
11.7 Pressure = 317
11.8 Flow Rates = 317
11.8.1 Rotameters = 317
11.8.2 Drag Discs／Paddles／Vane Flow Switches = 317
11.8.3 Turbine and Paddlewheel Flow Meters = 317
11.9 Water Quality = 318
11.9.1 Dissolved Oxygen = 318
11.9.2 pH and Ammonia = 318
11.10 Bringing It All Together = 319
11.10.1 Automatic Dialers = 319
11.10.2 Computer Based Monitoring／Alarm／Control Systems = 320
11.11 Keeping It Working = 322
11.11.1 System Design = 322
11.11.2 Maintenance = 323
11.12 References = 323
Appendix
Table A-1 Conversion Factors Used in Aquaculture = 325
Table A-2 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations as Affected by Temperature = 326
Table A-3 Ammonia Concentrations as Affected by pH and Temperature = 327
Subject Index = 329

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