美國 政策決定過程에서 議會와 行政府의 關係 : 政策類型을 中心으로 = A Study on the Relationship between Congress and Bureaucracy in American Policy-making Process

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In order to prepare the theoretical framework for empirical studies on the con-temporary Korean policymaking process, this paper seeks to find the relationship between Congress and Bureaucracy in American policymaking process by was of a review of the literatures.
In general, even public policies are defined as legitimate decisions made by political institutions that resolve disputes affecting the general community, there is considerable disagreement over what public policy is. Therefore, it is necessary for this paper to consider conceptual model of policy.
Because of the various complexities and subtleties of policymaking in the United States, it is often difficult to develop generalizations from specific cases without any scheme to classify the policy cases. This paper seeks to find a set of generalizations about the American domestic policymaking process with a classification of policy that distinguishes how benefits and coersion are shared among members of the political system and that is suggested by Theodore Lowi.
Distributive policies are aimed at promoting private activities that are said to be desirable to society as a whole and would not, or could not be undertaken otherwise. In this policy area, the importance of Subgovernment is very high, and the range of issues decided by subgovernment is broad. The importance of subgovernment in determining final policy actions is high. The degree of conflict or cooperation between Congress and Bureaucracy is high. Face to face negotiations are the mode of conflict resolution, and normal locus of conflict resolution is within the subgovernment. The substence of conflict resolution is a compromise between initial specific positions.
Protective regulatory policies are designed to protect the public by setting the conditions under which various private activities can be undertaken. In this policy area, the importance of subgovernment is low because major new decisions are made by Congress. The range of issues decided by subgovernment is narrow and the importance of subgovernment in determining final policy actions is moderately low on new decisions, but moderately high in existing areas of regulation. There is potentially high conflict when congressmen seek to exceptions to general policies. Face to face negotiations with in the subgovernment and transfer to a higher level are the mode and normal locus of conflict resolution. The substance of conflict resolution is a compromise between initial specific positions, or broader compromise at a higher level, or nonresolution.
Redistributive policies are intend to manipulate the allocation of wealth, property rights, or some other value among social classes or racial groups in society. In this policy area, the importance of subgovernment is very low because major decisions are made by Executive branch interacting with peak associations. The range of issues decided by subgovernment is very narrow, and the importance of subgovernment in determining final policy actions is low. There is potentially high conflict based on partisan and ideological differences of possible cooperation in redefining issues as distributive. There is no resolution subgovernment, or resolution is transferred to a higher level. The substance of conflict resolution is a broader compromise at a higher level, or redefinition of issues in distributive terms, or nonresolution.
In short, most policies tend to be handled in a patterned, routine fashion.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序 論
• Ⅱ. 政策의 模型과 政策類型
• 1. 政策의 槪念
• 2. 政策의 模型
• 3. 政策의 類型
• 4. 政策過程
• Ⅲ. 政策決定過程에서 議會와 行政府의 關係
• 1. 政策決定過程의 參與機關
• 2. 行政官僚와 歲出委員曾
• 3. 行政官僚와 豫算委員曾
• 4. 行政官僚와 議會參謀
• 5. 行政官僚의 議會擔當官僚와 議員
• 6. 大統行領政室, 議會 및 官僚制
• Ⅳ. 政策類型에 따른 議會와 行政府의 關係
• 1. 交互作用의 機會와 技法
• 2. 分配政策과 交互作用
• 3. 保護的規制政策과 交互作用
• 4. 再分配政策과 交互作用
• Ⅴ. 結 論