무엇이 뛰어난 학업성취를 예측하는가? -신중하게 계획된 연습과 투지(Grit) = What are the strong predictors of academic achievement? -Deliberate practice and Grit

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study, undertaken with highschool students (N = 99), draws upon the theoretical framework of deliberate practice (Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Romer, 1993), and grit (defied as perseverances and passion for long-term goals; Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews, & Kelly, 2007) in order to identify strong predictors of academic achievement using analysis of diary reports and questionnaires. This study aims to investigate the effect of innate traits (IQ, Big five personality characteristics) with acquired efforts (deliberate practice, grit) on academic grades. The results showed that acquired efforts were still significant indicators of academic achievement when innate traits were controlled. In particular, grit was associated with higher academic grades and this relation was moderated by deliberate practice (hours of study personally). These findings support the results of expertise studies that outstanding performance entails not only innate talent but also focused practice and effort over time.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 고등학생들의 학업성취를 예측하는 변인이 무엇인지를 알아보고자 다이어리 분석 및 설문연구를 실시하였다. 특히, 전문성(expertise)관련 연구를 통해 개인의 성취를 예측하는 중요한 변인으로 밝혀진 신중하게 계획된 연습(Deliberate practice)과 투지(Grit: 장기적인 목표달성을 위한 열정과 인내)가 학업성적에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 검증하고자 하였다. 이 때, 연구변인 이외의 학업관련 변인(이전의 학업경험, 학업기술 등)이 영향을 덜 미치도록 비교적 동질한 집단인 외국어고등학교 재학생들을 대상으로 연구를 실시하였다(N = 99명, 1학년 34명, 2학년 31명, 3학년 34명). 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 개인의 꾸준한 노력과 인내는 지능과 성격특성(Big 5)의 영향력을 통제했을 때도 유의하게 학업성적을 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 투지가 높을수록 학업성적이 좋으며, 이 관계를 신중하게 계획된 연습이 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 뛰어난 성취를 얻기 위해서는 타고난 재능뿐만 아니라 후천적인 노력이 중요하다는 전문성 연구 결과를 지지하는 것이며, 지나치게 개인의 타고난 능력과 배움만을 강조하는 한국 교육의 현실과는 상반되는 것이다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 대니얼 코일, "탤런트코드 : 재능을 지배하는 세 가지 법칙" 웅진지식하우스 2009

2 손승아, "청소년의 자기조절능력과 심리환경적 요인에 관한 연구" 한국청소년정책연구원 17 (17): 127-148, 2006

3 손영우, "전문가, 그들만의 법칙" 샘터사 2005

4 말콤 글래드웰, "아웃라이어" 김영사 2009

5 조성현, "시간관리기술 훈련이 아동의 자기주도적 학습력과 자기효능감 향상에 미치는 효과" 21 : 117-131, 2008

6 아베 노보루, "기적의 아키타공부법" 김영사 2009

7 황농문, "공부하는 힘" 위즈덤하우스 2013

8 Latham, G. P., "Work motivation theory and research at the dawn of the twenty-first century" 56 : 485-516, 2005

9 Plant, E. A., "Why study time does not predict grade point average across college students : Implications of deliberate practice for academic performance" 30 : 96-116, 2005

10 Kellogg, R. T., "Training advanced writing skills : The case for deliberate practice" 44 : 250-266, 2009

11 Hough, L. M., "The"Big Five"personality variables-construct confusion : Description versus prediction" 5 : 139-155, 1992

12 Ericsson, K. A., "The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance" 100 : 363-406, 1993

13 Charness, N., "The role of deliberate practice in chess expertise" 19 : 151-165, 2005

14 Ericsson, K. A., "The influence of experience and deliberate practice on the development of superior expert performance, In Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance" Cambridge University Press 685-706, 2006

15 James, W., "The energies of men" 25 : 321-332, 1907

16 Goldberg, L. R., "The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure" 4 : 26-42, 1992

17 Gustin, W. C., "The development of exceptional research mathematicians, In Developing talent in young people" Ballantine Books 91-112, 1985

18 Kalinowski, A. G., "The development of Olympic swimmers, In Developing talent in young people" Ballantine Books 139-192, 1985

19 John, O., "The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives, In Handbook of Personality: Theory and research" Guilford Press 102-138, 1999

20 Drake, C., "Skill acquisition in music performance : relations between planning and temporal control" 74 : 1-32, 2000

21 Hodgson, R. J., "Selfwatching: Addictions, habits, compulsions, what to do about them" Facts on File 1982

22 Komarraju, M. K., "Role of the Big Five personality traits in predicting college students' academic motivation and achievement" 19 : 47-52, 2009

23 Costa, P. T., "Revised NEO Personality Inventory(NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa" Psychological Assessment Resources 1992

24 Hayes, A. F., "PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [White paper]"

25 Wallingford, R., "Long distance running, In The scientific aspects of sports training" Charles C Thomas 118-130, 1975

26 Monsaas, J. A., "Learning to be a world-class tennis player, In Developing talent in young people" Ballantine Books 211-269, 1985

27 Trinkle, B., "How to spell like a champ" Workman 2006

28 Duckworth, A. L., "Grit : Perseverance and passion for long-term goals" 92 : 1087-1101, 2007

29 Cox, C. M., "Genetic studies of genius: Vol. 2. The early mental traits of three hundred geniuses" Stanford University Press 1926

30 Gortner Lahmers, A., "Factors associated with academic time use and academic performance of college students : A recursive approach" 41 : 544-556, 2000

31 Ericsson, K. A., "Exceptional memorizers : made, not born" 7 : 233-235, 2003

32 Ericsson, K. A., "Enhancing the development of professional performance: Implications from the study of deliberate practice, In The development of professional expertise: Toward measurement of expert performance and design of optimal learning environments" Cambridge University Press 405-431, 2009

33 Duckworth, A. L., "Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale(Grit-S)" 91 : 166-174, 2009

34 Ericsson, K. A., "Deliberate practice and the modifiability of body and mind : Toward a science of the structure and acquisition of expert and elite performance" 38 : 4-34, 2007

35 Duckworth, A. L., "Deliberate Practice Spells Success : Why Grittier Competitors Triumph at the National Spelling Bee" 2 : 174-181, 2011

36 Ross, S. R., "Competition and cooperation in the five-factor model : Individual differences in achievement orientation" 137 : 323-337, 2003

37 Ericsson, K. A., "Capturing the naturally occurring superior performance of experts in the laboratory : Toward a science of expert and exceptional performance" 16 : 346-350, 2007

38 Moutafi, J., "Can personality factors predict intelligence?" 38 : 1021-1033, 2005

39 Cattell, J. M., "A statistical study of eminent men"

40 Payne, S. C., "A meta-analytic examination of the goal orientation nomological net" 92 : 128-150, 2007