Administrative law

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = ⅶ
• Table of Cases = xxv
• Table of Legislation = liv
• PART 1 : THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM
• 1 THE NATURE AND PURPOSE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW = 3
• 1 Introduction = 3
• 2 Dicey, Unitary Democracy and the Ultra Vires Principle = 4
• 1 The Basis of the Model = 4
• 2 The Implications of the Ultra Vires Model = 7
• 3 The Deficiencies of the Ultra Vires Model = 12
• 4 The Continuing Debate about the Ultra Vires Principle = 18
• 3 Rights, Legality and Abuse of Power = 20
• 1 The Nature of the Model = 20
• 2 The Meaning of a Rights Based Approach = 21
• 3 The Justifications for a Rights Based Approach = 24
• 4 Particular Implications of the Model - Ⅰ : Traditional Pluralism = 28
• 1 Intellectual Foundations = 29
• 2 Implications for Administrative Law = 31
• 5 Particular Implications of the Model - Ⅱ : Market-Orientated Pluralism = 37
• 1 Intellectual Foundations = 37
• 2 Implications for Administrative Law = 38
• 6 Particular Implications of the Model - Ⅲ : The Third Way = 42
• 1 Intellectual Foundations = 42
• 2 Implications for Administrative Law = 44
• 7 Conclusion = 44
• 2 THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM : AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE = 45
• 1 Introduction = 45
• 2 The Nineteenth Century = 45
• 1 Industrialisation and the Growth of Central Regulation = 45
• 2 The Machineiy of Administration = 50
• 3 The Rationale for Administrative Growth = 54
• 4 Local Government = 56
• 5 The Evolution of Statutory Inquiries = 61
• 3 The Twentieth Century = 62
• 1 The Birth of the Welfare State and the Development of the Tribunal System = 62
• 2 Donoughmore, Franks, the 1980 Report and the 1988 Justice Report = 66
• 3 PARLIAMENT AND THE EXECUTIVE = 69
• 1 The Changing Pattern of Government = 69
• 2 The Foundations of Executive Power = 69
• 1 The Expansion of the Franchise and the Increase in the Area of Governmental Responsibility = 70
• 2 The Centralisation of Legislative Initiative = 72
• 3 The Development of the Party System = 74
• 3 The Role of the Legislature = 76
• 1 The Commons and Scrutiny = 76
• 2 The Commons and Legislation = 81
• 4 Reform of the House of Lords = 85
• 5 Conclusion = 86
• 4 AGENCIES, ADMINISTRATIVE DIVERSITY AND THE RESTRUCTURING OF GOVERNMENT = 89
• 1 The Reasons for the Creation of Agencies = 89
• 1 Fulton, Hiving Off and Agencies = 89
• 2 Rayner, Ibbs and Next Steps Agencies = 91
• 3 Agencies other than Next Steps Agencies = 92
• 4 Conclusion = 93
• 2 Problems of Terminology = 93
• 3 Two Types of Agency : Organisational Framework = 95
• 4 Agencies other than NSAs : Appointments, Accountability and Efficiency = 96
• 1 Appointments = 96
• 2 Control and Accountability = 97
• 3 Efficiency and Effectiveness = 100
• 5 Next Steps Agencies : Staffing, Accountability and Efficiency = 101
• 1 Staffing = 101
• 2 Control and Accountability = 102
• 3 The Citizen's Charter and Effectiveness = 105
• 6 Agencies : Legal Status = 106
• 7 Agencies : Institutional Design and Legal Principle = 109
• 1 The Civil Aviation Authority = 109
• 2 Nationalisation and the Public Corporation = 112
• 3 Privatisation and Regulatory Control = 114
• 8 A Constitutional and Legal Framework for Agencies = 118
• 5 CONTRACT, SERVICE PROVISION AND GOVERNANCE = 121
• 1 Towards "Better Procurement" : The Framing of Government Procurement Policy = 121
• 2 Towards "Better Government" : Contract and Service Provision by Central Government = 125
• 1 Contracting-Out : The Initial Conservative Policy = 125
• 2 Contracting-Out : The Labour Strategy = 127
• 3 Contracting-Out : Problems and Concerns = 129
• 4 Contracting-Out : Contract Formation and Legal Principle = 131
• 3 The Private Finance Initiative : Contract and Service Provision by Central Government = 133
• 4 Towards "Best Value" : Contract and Service Provision by Local Government = 136
• 1 The Provision of Local Services : The Market and the Conservative Government's Approach = 136
• 2 The Provision of Local Services : "Best Value" and the Labour Government's Approach = 139
• 5 The Private Finance Initiative : Contract and Service Provision by Local Government = 142
• 6 Contract, Service Provision and Governance = 143
• 1 Contract as an Instument of Policy = 144
• 2 The Source and Nature of Executive Power = 144
• 3 The Blurring of the Public／Private Divide and the Responsibility for Policy Formation = 145
• 7 Making the Specific Contract : General Principles = 146
• 1 Capacity to Contract = 146
• 2 The Authority of an Agent = 151
• 3 Parliamentary Appropriation = 153
• 4 Proceedings Against the Crown = 151
• 8 Making the Specific Contract : Public Procurement, Consumer Protection and the E.C. = 154
• 1 The Object of the E.C. Rules = 155
• 2 The Application of the Treaty = 155
• 3 The Application of the Directives on Public Procurement = 156
• 4 The Application of the Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts = 159
• 9 Limits on Contractual Effectiveness : Crown Service = 159
• 1 The Existence of a Contract = 159
• 2 Dismissal of Crown Servants = 161
• 3 Arrears of Pay = 161
• 4 Statutory Protection = 162
• 6 LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LOCAL GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRACY = 163
• 1 The Changing Pattern of Local Government = 163
• 2 Local Authorities : Structure, Organisation, Powers and Finance = 164
• 1 Structure = 164
• 2 Internal Organisation = 166
• 3 Functions and Powers = 168
• 4 Finances = 170
• 3 Local Governance : Agencies and Service Delivery = 170
• 4 Central-Local Relations and Democracy = 175
• 7 DEVOLUTION, WALES AND SCOTLAND = 181
• 1 Wales and Executive Devolution = 181
• 1 The Background = 181
• 2 The Composition of the Assembly = 182
• 3 The Operation of the Assembly = 183
• 4 Powers of the Assembly : The Making of Secondary Legislation and the Consideration of Welsh Matters = 185
• 5 Powers of the Assembly : Taking Over, or Transferring, the Functions of other Bodies and Institutional Oversight = 187
• 6 The Application of Community Law, Human Rights and International Obligations to the Assembly = 188
• 7 The Relationship between the Assembly and other Bodies in Wales = 189
• 8 The Relationship between the Assembly and Parliament = 190
• 9 Judicial Challenge to Assembly Competence = 191
• 10 Welsh Devolution : Some Reflections = 195
• 2 Scotland and Legislative Devolution = 197
• 1 The Background = 197
• 2 The Composition of the Scottish Parliament = 198
• 3 The Operation of the Scottish Parliament = 199
• 4 The Powers of the Scottish Parliament : Legislative Powers = 201
• 5 The Powers of the Scottish Parliament : The Powers of the Executive = 205
• 6 The Powers of the Scottish Parliament : Subordinate Legislation = 206
• 7 The Powers of the Scottish Parliament : Money = 209
• 8 Political Challenge to the Competence of the Scottish Parliament = 210
• 9 Judicial Challenge to the Competence of the Scottish Parliament = 211
• 10 Scottish Devolution : Some Reflections = 214
• 8 INFORMATION, STANDARDS AND COMPLAINTS = 217
• 1 Freedom of Information = 218
• 1 The Rationale for Freedom of Information = 218
• 2 The Move Towards Freedom of Information Legislation in the U.K. = 219
• 3 The Freedom of Information Bill = 220
• 4 Conclusion = 225
• 2 Standards of Conduct in Public Life = 225
• 1 Cash, Sleaze and Concerns : The Development of the Administrative Machinery = 225
• 2 Nolan, Neill and the Committee on Standards = 226
• 3 The Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards and the Select Committee on Standards and Privileges = 229
• 3 The Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration = 230
• 1 General = 230
• 2 Who and What can be Investigated? = 231
• 3 Matters excluded from the PCA's Jurisdiction = 234
• 4 The Complainant and the Procedure = 235
• 5 Remedies = 237
• 6 Workload = 238
• 7 The Select Committee and the PCA = 239
• 8 Judicial Review and the PCA = 239
• 9 The Role of the PCA = 240
• 4 The Health Service Commissioners = 243
• 5 Local Commissioners = 244
• 1 Scope of Authority = 244
• 2 The Commissioners, Internal Complaints Procedures and General Advice to Local Authorities = 246
• 9 TRIBUNALS AND INQUIRIES = 249
• 1 Statutory Tribunals = 249
• 1 Reasons for their Creation = 249
• 2 The Nature of Tribunals 250
• 3 The Franks Report = 251
• 4 The Tribunal System = 254
• 2 Statutory Inquiries = 268
• 1 The Background = 268
• 2 The Franks Committee = 269
• 3 Inquiries : Practice and Procedure = 271
• 4 Related Types of Decision-Making = 278
• 5 Supervision = 281
• 6 Planning Inquiries, the Government and the Public = 282
• 10 THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY = 287
• 1 The Institutions = 287
• 1 The Council = 287
• 2 The Commission = 288
• 3 The European Parliament = 289
• 4 The European Council = 290
• 5 The European Court of Justice = 291
• 2 The Legislative Process = 291
• 1 Five Procedures = 292
• 2 The Voting Requirements = 296
• 3 The Legal Order : Supremacy and Direct Effect = 297
• 1 Supremacy = 297
• 2 Direct Effect = 302
• 3 Direct Effect : Rights and Remedies = 316
• 4 The Impact of Community Law = 318
• 11 A CASE STUDY : COMPETITION AND REGULATION = 321
• 1 Competition : Whether to Regulate = 321
• 2 Competition : Who Should Regulate? = 322
• 3 Competition : How to Regulate = 324
• 1 Effectiveness and the Choice of the Legislative Criterion = 324
• 2 Procedure and Procedural Rights = 326
• 3 Defining the Public Interest : Rule-making and Discretion = 327
• 4 Defining the Public Interest : Politics, Policy and Justiciability = 328
• 5 Enforcement = 329
• 6 Accountability and Control = 330
• 7 The Importance of Competition Policy = 331
• 4 Utilities and Market Power : Whether to Regulate = 331
• 1 The Public Interest Rationale for Regulation = 332
• 2 The Private Interest Rationale for Regulation = 334
• 3 Natural Monopoly : Regulation or Structural Adjustment = 335
• 4 Whether to Regulate : The Government's Approach to Regulation = 337
• 5 Utilities Regulation : Political, Economic and Social Considerations = 338
• 6 Utilities Regulation : the Broader Context = 340
• 5 Utilities and Market Power : Who Should Regulate? = 340
• 1 The Common Law and the Courts = 340
• 2 Departmental Regulation = 343
• 3 Regulation by Tribunal or Board = 344
• 4 Public Ownership = 345
• 5 Privatisation and Agencies = 346
• 6 Utilities and Market Power : How to Regulate = 347
• 1 Selling State Assets : Constitutional Implications = 347
• 2 The Regulatory Regime : Legal Powers and Legal Constraints = 349
• 3 The Regulatory Regime : Institutional Design = 354
• 4 The Regulatory Regime : The Limits of Public Law = 358
• 5 The Regulatory Regime : The Citizen's Charter and Subsequent Legislation = 359
• 7 Conclusion = 360
• PART 2 : JUDICIAL REVIEW
• 12 RULE-MAKING = 363
• 1 Introduction = 363
• 2 Delegated Legislation = 364
• 1 History = 364
• 2 Rationale and Constitutional Concerns = 365
• 3 Form = 367
• 4 The Passage of Delegated Legislation = 367
• 5 Control by Parliament = 371
• 6 Control through Consultation = 376
• 7 Control through the Courts = 384
• 8 Delegated Legislation : Possible Reforms = 388
• 3 Rules Made by the Administration = 392
• 1 Type and Rationale = 392
• 2 Legal Status = 393
• 3 Rules made by the Administration : Problems = 394
• 4 Rules made by the Administration : Possible Solutions = 395
• 4 The Impact of Community Law = 399
• 13 NATURAL JUSTICE : HEARINGS = 401
• 1 Introduction = 401
• 1 Historical Development = 401
• 2 The Rationale for Procedural Rights = 402
• 2 Limitation of the Principle = 403
• 1 Administrative v. Judicial = 403
• 2 Rights and Remedies = 404
• 3 Rights v. Privileges = 404
• 4 Statutory Hearings and Inquiries = 404
• 3 The Principle Revived = 405
• 1 Ridge v. Baldwin = 405
• 2 The Importance of Ridge v. Baldwin = 405
• 4 Applicability of Procedural Protection = 407
• 1 Categorisation : Administrative v. Judicial v. Legislative = 407
• 2 Categorisation : Rights, Privileges and Legitimate Expectations = 408
• 3 Natural Justice and Fairness = 409
• 4 Fairness : Balancing in an Adjudicative Context = 412
• 5 Fairness : Non-Adjudicative Procedures = 421
• 5 Content of Natural Justice : General = 425
• 1 Notice = 425
• 2 The Hearing = 427
• 3 Representation = 428
• 4 Reasons = 429
• 5 Appeals and Rehearing = 437
• 6 Deciding Without Hearing = 438
• 6 Content of Natural Justice : Specific Areas = 439
• 1 Employment = 439
• 2 Students = 440
• 3 Licensing = 441
• 4 Discipline = 442
• 5 Preliminary Hearings = 442
• 6 Aliens = 443
• 7 Applicability and Content of Procedural Protection : The ECHR = 445
• 1 The Applicability of Article 6(1) : "Civil Rights and Obligations" = 445
• 2 The Content of Procedural Rights = 446
• 3 "An Independent Tribunal Established by Law" = 447
• 8 Conclusion = 448
• 14 NATURAL JUSTICE : BIAS = 451
• 1 Personal Interest = 451
• 1 Pecuniary Interest = 451
• 2 Other Personal Interests = 452
• 2 Institutional = 453
• 1 Prosecutor and Judge = 453
• 2 Institutional Opinion = 454
• 3 The Test for Bias = 455
• 1 Past Confusion = 455
• 2 The Law Clarified = 456
• 4 Exceptions = 458
• 1 Necessity = 458
• 2 Statute = 458
• 3 Waiver = 459
• 5 Conclusion = 459
• 15 JURISDICTION = 461
• 1 Introduction = 461
• 2 Theories of Jurisdiction = 462
• 1 Collateral Fact Doctrine = 463
• 2 Limited Review = 465
• 3 Extensive Review : The Academic Argument = 468
• 4 Extensive Review : The Judicial Argument = 471
• 5 Conclusion = 476
• 3 Case Law History = 476
• 1 Limited Intervention = 476
• 2 Collateral or Preliminary Fact Cases = 477
• 3 Reconciliation? = 478
• 4 The Current Case Law = 486
• 5 Error of Law Within Jurisdiction = 487
• 6 Statutory Review = 488
• 7 Review of Fact and Evidence = 496
• 4 The Test for Review : Policy Considerations = 496
• 1 Clearing The Deck : the Demise of the Collateral Fact Doctrine and Limited Review = 496
• 2 Judicial Control and Agency Automomy : Remembering the Past when Constructing the Future = 497
• 3 The Modern Law : Review for Errors of Law = 497
• 4 A Middle Way : Rightness and Rational Basis = 499
• 5 The Middle Way : Concerns = 502
• 6 Conclusion = 504
• 16 FAILURE TO EXERCISE DISCRETION = 507
• 1 Introduction = 507
• 1 Discretion : Types of Constraint = 508
• 2 Discretion : The Rationale for Intervention = 508
• 2 Delegation = 508
• 1 General Principles = 509
• 2 Agency and Delegation = 512
• 3 Government Departments = 512
• 4 Statutory Power = 515
• 3 Fettering of Discretion : Rules, Policies and Discretion = 515
• 1 An Existing Rule or Policy : The Present Law = 516
• 2 No Existing Rule or "Insufficient" Rules = 521
• 4 Fettering of Discretion : Contracts and the Exercise of Discretion = 562
• 1 The Problem = 562
• 2 The Criterion for Deciding whether the Contract must Fall = 562
• 3 Compensation = 530
• 4 The Position of the Crown = 534
• 17 ABUSE OF DISCRETION : ILLEGALITY = 535
• 1 Illegality and Irrationality = 535
• 2 Intensity of Review = 536
• 3 Reasonableness : The Two Meanings = 537
• 4 The Types of Power which can be Controlled = 538
• 5 Illegality : Common Law Constraints = 539
• 1 Improper Purposes = 539
• 2 Relevancy = 543
• 3 Bad Faith = 546
• 6 Human Rights : The Common Law Background = 546
• 1 The Common Law Jurisprudence = 546
• 2 The Secondarily Literature = 549
• 3 The Legal Status of Rights at Common Law : An Evaluation = 551
• 7 Illegality : The Human Rights Act 1998 = 552
• 1 The Status of the European Convention on Human Rights = 552
• 2 Legislation : The Interpretative Obligation and the Declaration of Incompatability = 553
• 3 Legislation : The Effect of a Declaration of Incompatability = 555
• 4 Acts of Public Authorities : A New Head of Illegality = 556
• 5 The Courts' Task under Sections 3-4, and Section 6 = 558
• 6 The Standard of Judicial Review : Clearing the Ground = 559
• 7 The Standard of Review : A Suggested Approach = 561
• 8 Acts of Public Authorities : The Scope of Section 6 = 563
• 9 Acts of Public Authorities : The Horizontal Effect of the Human Rights Act = 567
• 10 Acts of Public Authorities : Proceedings and Standing under Section 6 = 569
• 11 Acts of Public Authorities : The Remedies for breach of Section 6 = 571
• 8 Illegality and Rights : The E.C. Dimension = 573
• 9 Conclusion = 576
• 18 ABUSE OF DISCRETION : IRRATIONALITY, REASONABLENESS AND PROPORTIONALITY = 579
• 1 Irrationality : The Limits of Judicial Intervention = 579
• 2 Wednesbury Unreasonableness : Its Past, Present and Future = 581
• 1 Wednesbury Unreasonableness : The Touchstone of Legitimate Judicial Intervention = 581
• 2 Wednesbury Unreasonableness : Its Present Usage = 582
• 3 Wednesbuiy Unreasonableness : The Future of the Test = 585
• 3 Proportionality : Status, Meaning and Application = 586
• 1 Legal Status of Proportionality = 586
• 2 Proportionality : Place and Meaning = 590
• 3 Proportionality : Application = 591
• 4 Proportionality : The E.C. Dimension = 595
• 4 Reasonableness, Proportionality and Review = 598
• 1 The Retention of Traditional Wednesbury alongside Proportionality = 598
• 2 The Retention of Modified Wednesbury alongside Proportionality = 599
• 3 Proportionality as the General Criterion of Review = 600
• 5 Substantive Control, Separation of Powers and the Limits of Judicial Review = 603
• 1 Two Approaches to Substantive Review = 603
• 2 The Inter-relationship between Procedural and Substantive Principles of Review = 606
• 19 ABUSE OF DISCRETION, LEGITIMATE EXPECTATIONS AND EQUALITY = 611
• 1 Legal Certainty, Legitimate Expectations and Equality : Intra Vires Representations = 611
• 1 The Nature of the Problem = 611
• 2 The Types of Case = 613
• 3 The Arguments for and against the Existence in Principle of Substantive Legitimate Expectations = 614
• 4 The Determination of whether an Expectation is Reasonable and Legitimate = 618
• 5 The Standard of Review which should apply when the Administration seeks to Defeat a Legitimate Expectation = 620
• 6 The Case Law : Changes of Policy = 623
• 7 The Case Law : Departure from an Existing Policy = 628
• 8 The Case Law : Going Back on Individualised Representations = 630
• 9 The Case Law : Decisions, Final Determinations and Estoppel by Record = 632
• 2 Legal Certainty and Legitimate Expectations : Ultra Vires Representations = 635
• 1 Ultra Vires Representations : The Present Law = 635
• 2 Ultra Vires Representations : A Re-assessment of the jurisdictional Principle = 640
• 3 Ultra Vires Representations : Limited Qualifications to the Jurisdictional Principle = 643
• 4 Ultra Vires Representations : Balancing the Public and Individual Interest = 644
• 5 The Relevance of Compensation = 649
• 3 Equality = 650
• 1 Domestic Law = 650
• 2 Community Law = 653
• 20 INVALIDITY = 655
• 1 Direct and Collateral Attack = 655
• 1 Classification = 655
• 2 The Relationship between Direct and Collateral Attack : The General Principle = 656
• 3 The Relationship Between Direct and Collateral Attack : Qualifications to the General Principle = 658
• 2 Void and Voidable : Correct and Incorrect Uses = 660
• 1 Void : A Relative not Absolute Concept = 660
• 2 The Consequences of Holding that an Act is Void = 662
• 3 Voidable : Different Uses = 663
• 3 Void and Voidable : Theory, Reality and Judicial Discretion = 665
• 1 The Reasons for Judicial Departure from the Traditional Meanings of Void and Voidable : Administrative Convenience, Justice and Rigidity = 666
• 2 Resolving the Problem = 668
• 4 Void and Voidable : Natural Justice = 671
• 1 Hearings = 671
• 2 Bias = 673
• 3 Waiver = 673
• 5 Problems of Proof = 675
• 1 The Burden of Proof = 675
• 2 Validity Pending Determination = 677
• 3 Partial Invalidity = 680
• PART 3 : REMEDIES
• 21 REMEDIES : STANDING = 685
• 1 Introduction = 685
• 2 The Position before 1978 = 685
• 1 Certiorari = 686
• 2 Prohibition = 686
• 3 Mandamus = 687
• 4 Injunction and Declaration = 688
• 3 The Attorney-General, Public Authorities and Statutory Appeals = 690
• 1 Attorney-General = 690
• 2 Public Authorities = 691
• 3 Statutory Appeals = 692
• 4 Standing in Judicial Review Actions = 694
• 1 Introduction = 694
• 2 The IRC Case = 695
• 3 Interpretation of the Test = 699
• 4 Locus Standi and the Human Rights Act 1998 = 704
• 5 Locus Standi Outside Section 31 = 705
• 5 The Function of Standing = 706
• 1 Vindication of Private Rights = 706
• 2 Fusion of Standing and Merits = 708
• 3 Citizen Action = 710
• 4 Injury in Fact = 716
• 6 Standing and Intervention : Looking to the Future = 717
• 1 Standing = 717
• 2 Standing : Individuals and Groups = 718
• 3 Intervention = 719
• 22 THE JUDICIAL REMEDIES = 721
• 1 Certiorari and Prohibition = 721
• 1 Introduction = 721
• 2 The Scope of Certiorari and Prohibition = 722
• 3 Grounds for the Award of Certiorari and Prohibition = 728
• 4 Limitations on the Grant of the Remedies = 728
• 5 The Effect of an Award of Certiorari = 730
• 2 Mandamus = 731
• 1 Introduction = 731
• 2 The Ambit of Mandamus = 732
• 3 Limits on the Availability of Mandamus = 734
• 3 Declaration = 735
• 1 Introduction = 735
• 2 The Scope of Declaration = 736
• 3 Limits on the Availability of Declaration = 738
• 4 The Impact of the Declaration = 743
• 5 Practice and Procedure = 743
• 4 Injunction = 744
• 1 Introduction = 744
• 2 The Scope of Injunctive Relief = 745
• 3 Limits to Injunctive Relief = 748
• 4 Practice and Procedure = 749
• 5 Other Remedies = 749
• 1 Habeas Corpus = 749
• 2 Private Law Remedies = 751
• 3 Criminal Prosecution = 751
• 4 Default Powers = 751
• 23 REMEDIES AND REFORM = 753
• 1 The Impetus for Reform = 753
• 1 The Need for Reform = 753
• 2 The New Procedure : General Approach = 754
• 2 The Exceptions : "Getting Out" of Section 31 = 756
• 1 The Reasons for Seeking to Proceed Outside Section 31 = 756
• 2 Collateral Attack and Private Rights : The Initial Approach = 757
• 3 Collateral Attack and Private Rights : The Broadening of the Exception = 758
• 4 Collateral Attack : Beyond Private Rights = 761
• 5 Proceeding Outside Section 31 : The Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 = 763
• 6 Proceeding Outside Section 31 : Summary = 764
• 7 An Assessment = 765
• 3 Public Law Cases : "Getting Into" Section 31 = 767
• 1 The Reasons for Wishing to Use the Section 31 Procedure = 767
• 2 Public Law : Possible Tests = 769
• 3 The Boundaries of Public Law = 771
• 4 The Rationale for Exclusivity = 784
• 1 Protecting Public Bodies : Leave = 784
• 2 Protecting Public Bodies : Time Limits = 791
• 3 A Specialist Court = 795
• 5 Reform of the Reforms = 795
• 1 Two Central Propositions = 795
• 2 The Exclusivity Principle = 797
• 3 Leave = 799
• 4 Time Limits = 800
• 5 Discovery and Cross-Examination = 801
• 6 Procedure = 802
• 1 The Application = 802
• 2 The Hearing = 804
• 3 Discretion to Refuse Relief = 805
• 7 The Effect of Alternative Remedies = 806
• 1 Choice of Remedies within Section 31 = 806
• 2 Alternative Statutory Remedies = 807
• 3 Conclusion = 809
• 8 Conclusion = 809
• 24 REMEDIES : EXCLUSION OF REVIEW = 811
• 1 Complete Exclusion = 811
• 1 Finality Clauses = 811
• 2 "No Certiorari" Clauses = 812
• 3 "Shall not be Questioned" Clauses = 813
• 4 "As if Enacted" and. Conclusive Evidence" = 813
• 5 Statutory Intervention = 815
• 6 The Impact of the ECHR = 815
• 2 Time Limits = 816
• 3 Conclusion = 817
• 1 Complete Ouster Clauses = 817
• 2 Time Limits = 819
• 25 PUBLIC INTEREST IMMUNITY AND CROWN LIABILITY = 821
• 1 Public Interest Immunity = 821
• 1 "Crown Privilege" = 821
• 2 From Crown Privilege to Public Interest Immunity = 822
• 3 Public Interest Immunity : The Type of Body which can claim Immunity = 824
• 4 Public Interest Immunity : Duty or Discretion = 825
• 5 Public Interest Immunity : The Change in Governmental Approach = 827
• 6 Public Interest Immunity : The Balancing Process = 828
• 7 Public Interest Immunity : Inspection = 831
• 2 Statutes and the Crown = 833
• 1 Statutes Binding the Crown = 833
• 2 Statutes Benefitting the Crown = 835
• 3 Procedure and Remedies = 836
• 1 General = 836
• 2 Injunctions and Interim Relief = 837
• 3 Contempt = 842
• 26 TORT AND RESTITUTION = 845
• 1 The Foundations of the Present Law and the Available Options = 845
• 2 Breach of Statutory Duty = 847
• 3 Damages and the Human Rights Act = 849
• 4 Negligence, Statutory Duties and Statutory Powers : A Summary = 851
• 1 Negligence and Statutory Duties : X v. Bedfordshire = 851
• 2 Negligence and Statutory Powers : X and Stovin and Cases of Misfeasance = 852
• 3 Negligence and Statutory Powers : Stovin and Cases of Nonfeasance = 853
• 4 Negligence, Statutory Duties and Statutory Powers : Barrett = 854
• 5 Negligence, Statutory Duties and Statutory Powers : Palmer = 857
• 5 Negligence, Statutory Duties and Statutory Powers : The Case Law = 858
• 1 The Existence of the Duty of Care : General = 858
• 2 The Existence and Ambit of the Duty of Care : Statutory Interpretation = 859
• 3 Discretion and Justiciability = 860
• 4 The Application of the Fair, Just and Reasonableness Test and Proximity = 864
• 5 The Distinction between Misfeasance and Nonfeasance = 867
• 6 The Impact of the ECHR = 869
• 7 Ultra Vires and Negligence = 872
• 6 Misfeasance in Public Office = 875
• 1 The Two Limbs of the Tort = 876
• 2 The Nature of the First Limb = 877
• 3 The Relationship between the Two Limbs = 878
• 7 Statutory Authority and Lawful Governmental Action = 881
• 1 Statutory Authority and Nuisance = 881
• 2 Statutory Authority and Rylands v. Fletcher = 884
• 8 The Crown = 885
• 9 Judicial Immunity = 886
• 10 Restitution = 887
• 1 Duress = 887
• 2 Mistake = 888
• 3 Recovery for Ultra Vires Demands = 890
• 4 Discretionary Payments = 893
• 5 Restitution from the Individual = 893
• 11 Community Law : Damages, Liability and Recovery of Money = 894
• 1 Francovich = 894
• 2 Brasserie du Pecheur and Factortame = 895
• 3 The Implications for Domestic Law = 899
• 4 Recovery of Money = 900
• 12 Reform = 901
• 1 Options for Reform = 901
• 2 The Impact of Community Law and Convention : Jurisprudence = 905
• 3 Conclusion = 906
• Appendix = 907
• Index = 909