With theoretical development of the cognitive control, there is an increasing number of studies investigating individual differences in cognitive control ability. Although there have been behavioral and functional evidence suggesting that individual d...
With theoretical development of the cognitive control, there is an increasing number of studies investigating individual differences in cognitive control ability. Although there have been behavioral and functional evidence suggesting that individual differences in preference for modality-specific information (i.e., cognitive style) are relevant to the differences in cognitive control processes, its brain anatomical differences underneath it have not yet been investigated. Therefore, the current study sought to investigate individual structural differences according to the Object-Spatial-Verbal cognitive style using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses, and its relevance with cognitive control processes during the word-spatial Stroop task. Additionally, neural activities of the regions detected in the VBM analysis were also analyzed. Behavioral results demonstrated that the negative relationship between the verbal and spatial cognitive style scores and that the higher the verbal preference score was, the lower the Stroop conflict effect. As a result of the VBM analysis, the preference score of verbal relative to spatial cognitive style was positively correlated with individual difference in the brain structures including the right superior temporal sulcus/gyrus, bilateral parahippocampal/fusiform gyrus, and left inferior temporal gyrus. Among these regions, regional gray matter volumes (rGMVs) in right superior temporal sulcus/gyrus were also negatively associated with the Stroop effects. Adversely, the neural activities in this region were positively correlated with the Stroop effects. The current findings provide anatomical evidence that verbal cognitive style is relevant to the language processes not in the basic level, but in a higher level. More importantly, these results suggest that individual differences in cognitive control can be partly explained by structural differences in the cognitive style-related regions and that functional differences in these regions show neural efficiency according to cognitive style.