Testing fluid power components

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Chapter 1：Fluid Power Components = 1
• 1.1 Hydraulic Pump Ratings = 1
• 1.1.1 Fixed-Displacement Pumps = 5
• 1.1.2 Variable-Displacement Pumps = 8
• 1.1.3 Pump-Displacement Controllers = 9
• 1.1.4 Other Pump Types = 12
• 1.2 Hydraulic Motor Ratings = 15
• 1.2.1 Fixed-Displacement Motors = 18
• 1.2.2 Variable-Displacement Motors = 20
• 1.3 Valve Ratings = 21
• 1.3.1 Directional-Control Valves = 25
• 1.3.2 Pressure-Control Valves = 31
• 1.3.3 Flow-Control Valves = 36
• 1.3.4 Proportional Valves and Servovalves = 40
• 1.3.5 Cartridge Valves = 52
• 1.3.6 Pneumatic Valves = 54
• 1.4 Cylinders and Rotary Actuators = 55
• 1.4.1 Cylinders = 56
• 1.4.2 Rotary Actuators = 59
• 1.5 Filters = 60
• Chapter 2： Instrumentation = 64
• 2.1 Flow = 64
• 2.1.1 Turbine Flowmeters = 69
• 2.1.2 Glass Tube Rotameters = 73
• 2.1.3 Positive-Displacement Flowmeters = 74
• 2.1.4 inline Piston and Spring Flowmeters = 75
• 2.1.5 Inline Spring and Vane Flowmeters = 76
• 2.1.6 Diffrential-pressure Flowmeters = 76
• 2.1.7 Mass Flowmeters = 77
• 2.1.8 paddle-Type Flowmeters = 78
• 2.1.9 Vortex Flowmeters = 79
• 2.1.10 Beaker Method = 80
• 2.2 Pressure and Vacuum = 80
• 2.2.1 Pressure Gages = 81
• 2.2.2 Manometers = 83
• 2.2.3 Pressure Tarnsducers／Transmitters = 84
• 2.3 Temperature = 93
• 2.3.1 Bimetal Thermometers = 93
• 2.3.2 Vapor Tension Thermometers = 94
• 2.3.3 Thermocouples = 94
• 2.3.4 Resistance Temperature Detector = 97
• 2.3.5 Thermister = 97
• 2.3.6 IC Sensors = 98
• 2.3.7 Temperature Indications／Controllers = 98
• 2.4 Speed (rpm) = 100
• 2.5 Torque = 102
• 2.5.1 Moment Arm Torque Method = 103
• 2.5.2 hydraulic Pressure Torque Measurement = 103
• 2.5.3 Electric Motor Current／Torque conversion = 103
• 2.5.4 Slip Ring Torque Sensors = 104
• 2.5.5 Rotary Transformers = 104
• 2.5.6 Torsional Variable Differrential Transformer（TVDT） = 105
• 2.5.7 Phase-Shift Torque Systems = 105
• 2.5.8 Flanged Reaction Torque Sensors = 106
• 2.5.9 Torque Tables = 106
• 2.6 Force = 106
• 2.6.1 Spring Rate Method = 107
• 2.6.2 Hydraulic Pressure Method = 107
• 2.6.3 Load Cells = 107
• 2.7 Position = 110
• 2.7.1 Linear Variable Differential Transformers（LVDT） = 110
• 2.7.2 Magnetostrictive Linear Displacement Transducers（Ldt） = 111
• 2.7.3 Rotary Encoders = 113
• 2.7.4 Vernier Gages = 114
• 2.8 Viscosity = 114
• 2.8.1 Falling Ball Viscometers = 116
• 2.8.2 Electromagnetic Viscometers = 118
• 2.8.3 Vibrating Viscometers = 118
• 2.8.4 ROtational Viscometers = 120
• 2.8.5 Hole-in-Cup Viscometers = 120
• 2.9 Contamination = 120
• 2.9.1 Introduction = 121
• 2.9.2 Photometers = 122
• 2.9.3 Lab Methods to Detect Particle Groups = 124
• 2.9.4 Nonimaging, Single-Particle counters = 125
• 2.9.5 Lab Methods for Analyzing Single Particles = 128
• 2.9.6 Material Handling Requrements = 130
• 2.9.7 Data Development = 131
• 2.10 Sound Level = 132
• 2.10.1 Sound Level Meters = 134
• 2.10.2 Frequency Analyzers = 136
• 2.10.3 Octave Band Analyzers = 136
• 2.10.4 Noise Exposure Monitors = 136
• 2.10.5 Noise Dosimeters = 137
• 2.10.6 Impact Noise Analyzer = 137
• 2.11 Electric Test Equipment = 137
• 2.11.1 Voltmeters = 142
• 2.11.2 Ammeters = 143
• 2.11.3 Watermeters = 144
• 2.12 Data Acqusition Equipment = 147
• 2.12.1 Signal Conditioner Options = 148
• 2.12.2 X-Y Recorders = 149
• 2.12.3 Oscillographs = 150
• 2.12.4 Oscilloscopes = 150
• 2.12.5 Analog Storage Osilloscopes = 152
• 2.12.6 Digital Storage Osilloscopes = 153
• 2.12.7 Waveform Digitizers／Recorders = 154
• 2.12.8 Data Loggers = 155
• Chapter 3： Test Procedures = 158
• 3.1 General Flow and Pressure Tests = 158
• 3.1.1 Pressure Drop versus Flow = 160
• 3.1.2 Minimum and Maximum Flows = 163
• 3.1.3 Minimum and Maximum Pressure = 164
• 3.1.4 Minimum and Maximum Return Pressures = 166
• 3.1.5 Proof Pressure／Burst Pressure = 166
• 3.1.6 Minimum and Maximum Temperatures = 167
• 3.1.7 Minimum and Maximum Viscosities = 168
• 3.1.8 Cycle Tests = 169
• 3.1.9 Fluid Compatibility = 170
• 3.2 Pump Tests = 171
• 3.2.1 Pump Flow versus Speed Test = 172
• 3.2.2 Input Horsepower versus Speed Test = 173
• 3.2.3 Flow versus Pressure Test = 174
• 3.2.4 Minimum／Maximum Flow and Pressure = 175
• 3.2.5 Inlet Pressure／Suction = 175
• 3.2.6 Pump Efficiency = 176
• 3.2.7 Case Leakage = 178
• 3.2.8 Case Drain Pressure (Maximum) = 179
• 3.2.9 Pump Slund Level = 179
• 3.2.10 Shaft Loading = 180
• 3.2.11 Flow Degradation from Contamination = 181
• 3.2.12 Pump Ripple = 181
• 3.3 Motor Tests = 182
• 3.3.1 Torque versus Pressure = 183
• 3.3.2 Torque Efficiency = 184
• 3.3.3 Torque Ripple = 185
• 3.3.4 Volumetric Efficiency = 185
• 3.3.5 Mechanical Efficiency = 186
• 3.3.6 Overall Efficiency = 186
• 3.3.7 Speed versus Flow = 187
• 3.3.8 Minimum and Maximum Speed／Flow = 187
• 3.3.9 Motor Breakout／No Load Pressure = 188
• 3.3.10 Acceleration／Deceleration = 189
• 3.3.11 Degradation due to Contamination = 189
• 3.3.12 Airborne Noise Levels = 189
• 3.3.13 Bearing Life／Side Loads = 190
• 3.4 Pump／Motor Controller Tests = 90
• 3.4.1 Response Time = 191
• 3.4.2 Pressure／Flow Compensation = 193
• 3.4.3 Horsepower Limiting = 194
• 3.4.4 Load Sensing = 194
• 3.4.5 Pump Output versus Mechanical Input = 194
• 3.4.6 Pump Output versus Electric Input signal = 196
• 3.4.7 Pump Output versus Hydraulic Input Signal = 197
• 3.4.8 Repeatability（Hysteresis） = 198
• 3.4.9 Control Valve Leakage = 199
• 3.4.10 Minimum and Maximum Characteristics = 199
• 3.5 Valve Tests = 199
• 3.5.1 Valve Response Time = 200
• 3.5.2 Seat Leakage／Spool Leakage = 201
• 3.5.3 Cross-Port Flow = 202
• 3.5.4 Spool Force versus Spool Position = 202
• 3.5.5 Metering Spool Flow versus Position = 203
• 3.5.6 Minimum and Maximum Coil Voltage = 204
• 3.5.7 Pilot Pressure Requirement = 205
• 3.5.8 Valve Operating Force／Torque = 206
• 3.5.9 Flow Regulation = 206
• 3.5.10 Pressure Regulation = 209
• 3.6 Proportional Valve and Servovalve Tests = 211
• 3.6.1 Electrical Tests = 214
• 3.6.2 Static Performance Test-Point-by-point Data = 216
• 3.6.3 Static Performance Test-Continuos Data = 230
• 3.6.4 Dynamic Tests = 236
• 3.7 Filter Tests = 240
• 3.7.1 Bubble Point Test = 241
• 3.7.2 Clean Pressure Drop Test = 242
• 3.7.3 Collapse Test = 242
• 3.7.4 Dirt Capacity Test = 243
• 3.7.5 Degree of Filtration Test = 243
• 3.7.6 Maximum Particle Passed Test = 244
• 3.7.7 Cold Start Test = 245
• 3.7.8 Media Migration Test = 245
• 3.7.9 Flow Fatigue Test = 246
• 3.7.10 Material compatibility Test = 246
• 3.7.11 End Load Test = 247
• 3.7.12 Slosh Test = 247
• 3.7.13 Element Pore Size Test = 247
• 3.7.14 Multipass Test = 247
• 3.7.15 Using Particle Couters-Preliminary Preparation = 250
• 3.7.16 Additional Filter Test Standards = 258
• 3.8 Cylinder and Rotary Actuator Tests = 259
• 3.8.1 Output Force versus Pressure = 259
• 3.8.2 Breakaway Pressure = 260
• 3.8.3 Piston Seal Leakage = 261
• 3.8.4 Rod Seal Leakage = 263
• 3.8.5 Contaminant Ingression = 263
• 3.8.6 Cycle Life／Endurance Test = 264
• 3.8.7 Pressure Rating／Test Methods = 264
• 3.8.8 Rod Bucking Test = 264
• 3.8.9 Mounting Style Strength = 264
• 3.8.10 Rotary Actuator Backlash = 264
• 3.9 Leakage Test = 266
• 3.9.1 Flow Rate Method = 266
• 3.9.2 Bubble Test Method = 267
• 3.9.3 Pressure Decay Method = 268
• 3.9.4 Helium Leak Deteneion = 274
• 3.9.5 Ultrasonic Leak Detection = 275
• 3.9.6 Soap Bubble Method = 276
• 3.10 Cyclic Shock Tests = 276
• 3.10.1 Pressure Cycle Testing = 276
• 3.10.2 Temperature Cycle Testing = 279
• 3.11 Environmental Test Methods = 280
• 3.11.1 Low Pressure（Altitude）-Method 500. 2 = 280
• 3.11.2 High Temperature-Method 501. 2 = 282
• 3.11.3 Low Temperature-Method 502. 2 = 283
• 3.11.4 Temperature Shock-Method 503. 2 = 283
• 3.11.5 Solar Radiation（Sunshine）-Method 505. 2 = 284
• 3.11.6 Rain-Method 506. 2 = 284
• 3.11.7 Humidity-Method 507. 2 = 285
• 3.11.8 Fungus-Method 508. 3 = 286
• 3.11.9 Salt Fog-Method 509. 2 = 287
• 3.11.10 Sand and Dust-Method 510. 2 = 288
• 3.11.11 Explosive Atmosphere-Method 511. 2 = 289
• 3.11.12 Leakage（Immersion）-Method 512. 2 = 290
• 3.11.13 Acceleration-Method 513. 3 = 290
• 3.11.14 Vibration-Method 514. 3 = 292
• 3.11.15 Acoustic Noise-Method 515. 3 = 294
• 3.11.16 Shock-Method 516. 3 = 294
• 3.11.17 Aircraft Gunfire Vibration-Method 519. 3 = 296
• 3.11.18 Temperature, Humidity, Vibration, Altitude-Method 520. 0 = 296
• 3.11.19 Icing／Freezing Rain-Method 521. 0 = 296
• 3.11.20 Vibroacoustic, Temperature-Method 523. 0 = 297
• 3.12 Fluid Power Connectors = 297
• 3.12.1 Fitting Tests = 297
• 3.12.2 Hose Tests = 298
• 3.12.3 Quick Disconnect Tests = 300
• Chapter 4 : component and System Accuracy = 302
• 4.1 General Accuracy Terms = 302
• 4.1.1 Accuracy of Reading = 303
• 4.1.2 Ambient Effects = 303
• 4.1.3 Asymmetry = 303
• 4.1.4 Best Fit though Zero = 304
• 4.1.5 Combined Error = 304
• 4.1.6 Compensation = 304
• 4.1.7 Creep = 304
• 4.1.8 Creep Recovery = 304
• 4.1.9 Drift = 304
• 4.1.10 Frequency Response = 305
• 4.1.11 Full-Scale Output = 305
• 4.1.12 Hysteresis = 305
• 4.1.13 Nonlinear = 305
• 4.1.14 Output（Sensitivity）Tolerance = 305
• 4.1.15 Repeatability = 306
• 4.1.16 Resolution = 306
• 4.1.17 Stabilization Period = 307
• 4.1.18 Standard Test Conditions = 307
• 4.1.19 Thermal Effects = 308
• 4.1.20 Thermal Sensitivity Effects = 308
• 4.1.21 Thermal Zero Effect = 308
• 4.1.22 Zero Balance = 309
• 4.2. Flow Measurement = 310
• 4.2.1 Flow Measurement Accuracy = 310
• 4.2.2 Flow Calibration Methods = 326
• 4.3 Pressure Measurement = 330
• 4.3.1 Pressure Accuracy = 331
• 4.3.2 Pressure Calibration = 332
• 4.4 Temperature Measurement = 334
• 4.4.1 Temperature Accuracy = 336
• 4.4.2 Pressure Calibration = 337
• 4.5 Torque／Force Measurement = 340
• 4.5.1 Force Measurement Accuracy = 340
• 4.5.2 Force Instrument Calibration = 344
• 4.6 Electrical／Electronic Measurement = 344
• 4.6.1 Electronic Accuracy = 345
• 4.6.2 Electronic Calibration = 347
• 4.7 Particle Counter Accuracy = 349
• 4.7.1 Particle Counter Calibration Requirements = 350
• 4.7.2 Counting Accuracy = 350
• 4.7.3 Conclusions = 353
• 4.7.4 Problem Areas = 353
• 4.8 Viscosity's Effects on Accuracy = 355
• 4.9 Component and Instrument（System）Interaction = 356
• 4.9.1 Accumulator Precharge Test Analysis = 356
• 4.9.2 Solenoid Valve Flow Test Analysis = 359
• 4.9.3 Centrifugal Pump Test Analysis = 360
• Chapter 5： System Automation = 363
• 5.1 Manual Testing = 368
• 5.1.1 Oil Pump Test Stand = 368
• 5.1.2 8000 psi Aircraft Component Test Stand = 373
• 5.1.3 Submarine and Aircraft Component Test Stand = 377
• 5.2 Semiautomatic Testing = 382
• 5.2.1 Solenoid Valve Test Stand = 382
• 5.2.2 Multilevel Float Switch Test Stand = 386
• 5.3 Fully Automated Testing = 391
• 5.3.1 Rotary Actuator Test Stand = 392
• 5.3.2 Butterfly Valve Test Stand = 398
• Appendices = 406
• 1 Seal compatibility Chart = 406
• 2 Professional Organizations = 427
• Index = 428