Business, the internet and the law

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 - Getting On-line in Business
• The Future is E-Commerce = 1
• Scope of this Book = 2
• Legal Issues = 2
• Considering Going On-line? = 3
• Advantages = 4
• Disadvantages = 5
• Increasing Use = 6
• Minimising the Risks = 7
• Improper Use by Employees = 7
• Checkist-Going On-line Legally = 8
• Exhaustion of Rights : Trade Marks = 8
• Exhaustion of Rights : Copyright = 10
• Data Protection and Privacy = 10
• Single Currency = 10
• Tax = 11
• Opportunities for Small Businesses = 11
• A'Faceless'Medium = 11
• Change = 12
• 2 - The Domain Name and Trade Marks
• Executive Summary = 13
• Introduction = 13
• The Language of the Name = 14
• Registering Domain Names = 15
• Countries = 15
• ICANN = 16
• Post-testbed Registrars = 16
• Initial Board = 17
• WIPO Report = 18
• Doing Your Own Search = 19
• What Names to Choose = 19
• Using Internet Service Providers = 20
• Company／Business Names = 20
• Domain Names as Registered Trade Marks = 21
• Passing Off = 21
• Clearing the Name = 21
• Trade Mark Notices for Websites = 22
• Threats Actions = 22
• Claiming Registration Where there is None = 23
• Applications for Registration = 24
• National and International Trade Mark Issues = 24
• Liability of Web Page Designers = 25
• Notices for Sales Abroad = 25
• Exhaustion of Rights = 26
• International Exhaustion = 26
• Exhaustion and the Internet = 27
• UK Case Law = 28
• Harrods = 29
• Pitman = 29
• Prince = 30
• Mecklermedia v DC Congress = 30
• Avnet = 31
• One in a Million = 31
• The High Court Decision = 32
• Court of Appeal = 34
• Practice Issues = 35
• US Cases = 36
• Brookfield Communications Inc v West Coast Entertainment Corp = 36
• Playboy Enterprises v Chuckleberry Publishing = 36
• Panavision International LP v Toeppen = 37
• KCPL Inc v Nash = 37
• Data Concepts Inc v Digital Consulting Inc = 38
• Conseco Inc v Hickerson = 38
• French Cases = 39
• SG2 v Brokat = 39
• Identical Web Page Presentation = 39
• Spanish Cases = 40
• SERTEL = 40
• OZU = 40
• Trends = 40
• International Co-operation = 41
• WIPO's Proposals = 41
• Comparative Advertising = 42
• Guidelines for Comparative Advertising = 42
• EU Comparative Advertisement Directive = 43
• Business Practices = 44
• Checklist-Avoiding Infringement and Reducing Risks = 45
• Grey Areas = 45
• Same Mark or Similar Mark-Same Goods／Services = 45
• Same or Similar Mark-Different Goods／Services = 46
• Response to a Domain Name 'Blackmailer' = 47
• Decisions on International Exhaustion of Rights and Trade Marks = 48
• Further Information on Trade Marks and Domain Names = 49
• 3 - Copyright and Database Right
• Executive Summary = 51
• Computer Programs = 52
• Software Directive = 52
• Refusals to License and Abuse of Market Power = 53
• UK Law = 53
• Copyright and the Internet = 54
• Copyright Term Directive = 54
• Draft EU Copyright Directive = 54
• Web Caching and the Draft Directive = 55
• Ownership = 55
• Commisioned Works = 56
• Employee Works = 56
• Contractors = 57
• Disguised Employment = 57
• Wording to Use with Contractors = 57
• Moral Rights = 58
• Right to be Identified as Author = 58
• Right to Object to Derogatory Treatment = 58
• False Attribution = 59
• Privacy of Photographs and Films = 59
• Waiver = 59
• The Shetland Case = 59
• No Moral Rights in Computer Software = 60
• Computer Generated Works = 61
• Infringement = 61
• Software Copyright-Case Example = 62
• No Errors = 63
• Ideas and their Expression = 64
• Confidentiality = 64
• Database Law = 65
• Database Right = 66
• The Maker of the Database = 67
• Infringement of the Database Right = 68
• Term of Protection = 69
• Changes Extend Term of Protection = 69
• Notices on the Data Base = 70
• Website Notices and Database Rights = 70
• Property Right = 70
• Other Provisions = 70
• Other Areas = 70
• EU Green Paper and IT = 71
• Key Messages = 71
• Progress = 72
• Copyright Practical Points = 72
• Registation of Copyright = 73
• Copyright Notices for Websites = 74
• Export of Copyright Material = 74
• Internet Works and Copyright = 75
• Posted Messages = 75
• Newspaper Letter Analogies = 77
• Wording for Bulletin Boards = 77
• Hypertext Links = 78
• Linking to Critical Sites = 78
• Linking to Confusingly Similar Trade Marked Domain Name Sites = 79
• Linking to Disreputable Sites = 79
• Linking to More Expensive Supplier's Sites = 79
• Taking Viewers Beyond an Initial Advertising Page = 80
• Passing Off Linked Site as Being Generated by the Same Site = 80
• Using Headings or Headlines of Another Site in Making the Link = 80
• Operation of Hypertext Links = 81
• Notices on Linking = 81
• Practice Point = 82
• US and Hypertext Links = 83
• Meta-tags = 83
• Notice to Protect List of Websites = 84
• Content = 84
• Website Specification Agreements = 85
• Possible Clauses = 85
• Warranties = 87
• Confidentiality = 88
• General = 88
• Schedule = 88
• Website Design Agreements = 88
• Definitions = 88
• Work to be Done = 89
• Wording for Designers = 89
• Issues for Buyers = 90
• Intellectual Properties and Indemnities = 92
• Limitation of Liability = 92
• Testing and Acceptance of Website = 94
• Warranties = 94
• Confidentiality Clause = 95
• Change Control Clause = 95
• Boilerplate Clause = 95
• Schedules = 95
• Website Maintenance and Operation Agreement = 96
• Services = 96
• Fees = 97
• Website Content = 97
• Change Control = 98
• Obligations of the Client = 100
• Archiving the Web pages = 100
• Intellectual Property Rights = 101
• Limitation of Liability = 101
• Term and Termination = 101
• Warranties = 102
• Other Clauses = 103
• Further Information = 103
• Websites = 103
• 4 - Security, Confidentiality and Employment Issues
• Executive Summary = 105
• E-mails = 106
• Confidentiality Notices on E-mails = 106
• Copyright = 107
• Notifying Sender = 107
• Establishing an E-mail Link with a Customer or Contact = 108
• Terms for Contract Performance and Communication = 109
• Standards for Security = 110
• Solicitors and E-mails = 110
• US Ethics Opinion and E-mails = 111
• Addresses and Corporate Names on E-mails = 111
• Other E-mail Requirements-Do's and Dont's = 112
• Internet Fraud = 113
• Obtaining Goods by Deception = 113
• Examples of Internet Fraud = 113
• Pairgain Technologies = 113
• Credit Development International = 114
• Fortuna Alliance = 114
• Beanie Baby Fraud = 114
• Top10 = 114
• Application of English Law = 115
• Security Steps for Consumers Buying On-line = 115
• Data Protection = 116
• Security and the UK Proposals = 116
• OECD Guidelines on Cryptography Policy = 117
• International Chamber of Commerce-Digitally Assured Commerce = 118
• United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and Model Law = 118
• Changing UK Law = 118
• Trusted Third Parties = 119
• Public Key Cryptography = 120
• Licensed Certification Authorities = 120
• New Offence Not to Decrypt = 120
• Interception of Communications Act 1985 = 120
• The Electronic Communications Bill = 121
• Register of Approved Cryptography Service Providers = 121
• Electronic Communications = 122
• Electronic Commerce Draft Directive = 122
• Electronic Signatures Draft Directive = 123
• Requirements for Qualified Certificates = 124
• Requirements for Certification Service Providers = 125
• Distance Selling Directive = 126
• Employee and Security = 126
• Confidentiality = 127
• Monitoring = 128
• Distinguishing Private and Corporate E-mails = 128
• Maintenance of Records = 128
• Defamation = 129
• Proving Identities = 129
• Practical Time Saving = 129
• Employee Dismissal = 130
• Internet and Intranets = 130
• When to Encode = 130
• Different Types of E-mail = 131
• Direct E-mail = 131
• Private E-mail System = 131
• On-line Service Providers = 131
• Internet E-mail = 132
• E-commerce Fraud = 132
• Publication and Patents = 132
• Further Information = 133
• 5 - Transacting for the Scheme
• Executive Summary = 135
• Supply of Services - Implied Terms = 136
• Remedies for Breach of the Implied Terms = 137
• Contracts in Practice = 137
• Express Terms = 137
• Software Development Agreements = 138
• Checklist of Software Contracts for Buyers = 139
• Web Design Arrangements = 142
• Outsourced or In-house = 144
• Public Contracting and Procurement = 144
• Contracts with Internet Service Providers = 145
• Source Code Deposit = 145
• Rights to Repair - the Software Directive = 146
• Forced Licences of Intellectual Property Rights and Competition Law = 146
• Year 2000-Millennium Problems = 147
• Further Information = 147
• 6 - Internet Shopping
• Executive Summary = 149
• Tangible Goods - Examples = 150
• Intangible Goods - Examples = 150
• Shareware and Freeware = 151
• Importing Intellectual Property Protected Products = 151
• Contract Law = 152
• Terms of Business Provided on Websites = 153
• English Laws Summary = 153
• When is a Contract Made? = 154
• Minors = 155
• Liability of Parents = 156
• Undesired Purchases = 156
• Exclusive Distribution Agreements = 157
• Agency Agreements and Central Buying = 157
• Changing Existing Arrangements = 158
• Clauses for New Contracts = 159
• E-mails and Websites - Information to be Provided = 160
• Companies Act 1985 = 160
• Business Names Act 1985 = 160
• Type of Document = 161
• Business Letters = 162
• Tortious Liability = 162
• Marketing Image and E-mails' Appearance = 163
• Referring to Websites in E-mails = 164
• Best Practice - Internet Shopping = 164
• Restricting Who can Buy = 165
• Further Information = 166
• 7 - Internet Advertising
• Executive Summary = 169
• Web Marketing Checklist = 170
• Statutory Provisions = 171
• Trade Mark Law = 171
• Trade Descriptions Act 1968 = 171
• Control of Misleading Advertisements Regulations 1998 = 172
• Special Regime for Financial Services Advertising = 172
• Copyright = 173
• Contempt = 173
• Sale of Goods Act 1979 = 173
• Pricing = 174
• Checklist for Pricing = 174
• Codes of Advertising Practice, ITC and OFTEL = 175
• Special Products = 175
• Example : BMJ and Medical Websites = 176
• Foreign laws = 176
• Checklist for Ad Vetting = 176
• Advertising by Spamming = 177
• Biblio Tech = 177
• Virgin = 178
• AOL = 178
• Statutes and Spamming = 178
• Legal Compliance - Who is Responsible? = 179
• Different Websites in Different States／Languages = 179
• Minimising Liability = 180
• Legal Notices and Documents to Include on a Website - Checklist = 180
• General = 181
• Privacy = 181
• Further Information = 181
• 8 - Payment for Goods and Services
• Executive Summary = 183
• The Euro = 184
• Consumer Credit Act 1974 = 184
• Security and Card Payments = 185
• Extra Guarantees = 186
• Children = 186
• User Security Measures - Checklist = 187
• Standards = 187
• Electronic Cash = 188
• EU Draft Electronic Signatures Directive = 188
• Offer Credit = 188
• Further Information = 189
• 9 - Employer Liability and Defamation
• Executive Summary = 191
• Acting in Course of Employment = 192
• Checklist = 192
• Areas of Liability = 193
• Strict Liability Offences = 193
• Service Providers = 193
• Employment Policies = 193
• Infringement = 194
• Steps to Take Where Infringement Allegation is Made = 194
• Pirated Software = 195
• Contracts = 195
• Misrepresentations and Other Torts = 196
• Checklist for Supplier for Checking Standard Contracts = 197
• Pornography and Other Illegal Content = 198
• Defamation and the Internet = 198
• US : Cubby v Compuserve = 199
• US : Stratton Oakmont Inc v Prodigy = 199
• Laurence Godfrey v Demon Internet Limited = 200
• Advice to ISPs = 201
• Hosting = 201
• Norwich Union = 201
• British Gas = 201
• Further Information = 202
• 10 - Data Protection, Hacking, Security and ISP Liability
• Executive Summary = 203
• Data Protection Laws = 204
• Data = 204
• What is Personal Data? = 205
• Manual Data = 205
• Manual Records = 206
• Processing = 206
• Who Must Register = 207
• Data Subjects = 208
• Registration = 208
• The Data Protection Principles = 208
• Fair and Lawful Processing = 209
• Purpose = 209
• Data to be Adequate, Relevant and not Excessive = 210
• Data to be Accurate and Up-to-date = 210
• Data not to be Kept Longer than Purposes Require = 210
• Data Processed in Accordance with Data Subjects' Rights = 210
• Security Measures = 211
• Transfers Abroad = 211
• Section 7 : Right of Access = 211
• Damage or Distress : Rights to Prevent Processing = 212
• Direct Marketing : Right to Prevent Processing = 212
• Distance Selling Directive and ISDN Telecoms Data Protection Directives = 213
• Automated Decision Taking = 213
• Compensation = 213
• Rectification and Blocking, Erasure and Destruction = 214
• Exemptions = 214
• National Security = 214
• Crime and Taxation = 214
• Statutory Functions = 215
• Regulatory Activity = 215
• Journalism, Literature and Art = 215
• Research, History and Statistics = 215
• Information Available to the Public under the Law = 216
• Legal Disclosures and Legal Proceedings = 216
• Other Exemptions = 216
• Transmitting Date Abroad = 217
• Contractual Requirements = 218
• Other Exemptions = 219
• Registration of Data Owner = 220
• Confidentiality = 220
• Copyright and Database Rights = 220
• What to do in Practice - Checklist = 221
• Privacy Policies = 221
• Emerging Digital Economy = 222
• International Data Protection = 222
• Spamming = 222
• Telecommunications Data Protection Directive = 223
• Future Spamming Legislation = 223
• Liability of Internet Service Providers = 224
• Cubby v Compuserve = 224
• UK Case Law : The Demon Internet Court Decision = 225
• Crime and the Internet = 226
• Computer Misuse Act 1990 = 226
• Draft Convention on Cyber Crime = 226
• Proposals for Change : Law Commission and Internet Fraud = 227
• Further Information = 227
• Websites on Privacy Issues = 228
• Website on Security Issues = 228
• 11 - Jurisdiction
• Executive Summary = 229
• Rome Convention = 230
• Jurisdiction = 230
• Proposed EU Law = 231
• Exceptions = 231
• Cases = 231
• Prince v Prince = 231
• Mecklermedia v DC Congress = 232
• Breach of Injunctions = 232
• Contracts Jurisdictional Checklist = 233
• Examples of Wording for Internet Site Conditions = 234
• 12 - Taxation
• Executive Summary = 235
• Value Added Tax = 236
• Places of Supply = 236
• Customs Duties = 236
• Software Downloads = 236
• Stamp Duty = 237
• Reform of UK Tax and Intellectual Property Rights = 237
• Taxation Framework for Electronic Commerce = 237
• Broad Taxation Principles which Should Apply to Electronic Commerce = 238
• Neutrality = 238
• Efficiency = 238
• Certainty and Simplicity = 238
• Effectiveness and Fairness = 238
• Consumption Taxes = 239
• The Net Effect = 240
• Institute of Directors = 240
• Further Information = 240
• Appendix 1 : Web Contracts
• Terms and Conditions for the Provision of Website and Othe Design Services and／or software = 243
• Supply for Software for Use on a Website - Sample Letter = 250
• Contract with Subcontractors／Designers = 255
• Letter Agreement Setting Out Terms for Provision of Further Services Reltaing to On-going Website where no Contract Signed Originally = 259
• Software Development Agreement = 266
• Specific Terms and Conditions - Internet Access = 281
• Appendix 2 : Web Page Design Guidelines
• Website Agreements Guidance Notes = 287
• Website Specification Agreement Guidance Notes = 291
• Website Design Agreement Guidance Notes = 294
• Website Maintenace and Operation Agreement Guidance Notes = 299
• Appendix 3 : Internet 'Shopping and Services Terms
• Excite's Terms of Service = 307
• Payment and Security - Desktop Lawyer's Safe Ordering Guarantee = 311
• Terms and Conditions for the Free Use of the Pharmalicensing Site = 313
• Appendix 4 : Notices for Websites and E-mails, Copyright Permission Notices, Disclaimers and Privacy Policies
• E-mails = 323
• Web Sites = 326
• Copyringht Notices = 327
• Lawnet Copyright Notice = 327
• Database Rights Notice = 327
• Contact Details = 328
• General Disclaimer - Lawnet Example = 328
• Website Disclaimers = 329
• Law Firm = 329
• Excite Internet Services = 329
• Terms of Use of Website Disclaimer(Sprecher Grier Halberstam) = 330
• Appendix 5 : Example Contract Terms for Exchanges of Products and Designs Electronically = 333
• Appendix 6
• E-mail, the Internet and the Workplace - Legal Issues(Sprecher Grier Halberstam) = 343
• E-mail, Internet and External Disk Introduction Policy = 357
• Appendix 7 : UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce with Guide to Enactment = 361
• Appendix 8 : GUIDEC - General Usage for International Digitally Ensured Commerce, a Living Document = 441
• Appendix 9 : American Bar Association Standing Committee on Ethice and Professional Responsibility - Protecting Confidentiality of Unencrypted E-mail = 493